Methodological Triangulation In Movement Pattern Research

Jacek Kotus; Michał Rzeszewski

doi:10.1515/quageo-2015-0034

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Methodological Triangulation In Movement Pattern Research

Quaestiones Geographicae

Volume 34 (2015): Issue 4 (December 2015)

By: Jacek Kotus and Michał Rzeszewski

Open Access

|Dec 2015

Abstract

The application of GIS and GPS methods together with qualitative sociological methods is one of the current fields of discussion in studies of human behaviour in space. The authors ask about the justification, manner and value of using the ‘triad’: quantitative GIS measurement methods – qualitative sociological methods – quasi-experiment. A mixed-method approach in an analysis of human movement patterns is introduced. Also, the role of the investigator in such projects is discussed.

References

Amedeo D., Golledge R.G., Stimson R.J., 2009. Person-environment-behavior research: Investigating activities and experiences in spaces and environments. Guilford Press, New York, London.
Search in Google Scholar
Anderson J., 1971. Space-time budgets and activity studies in urban geography and planning. Environment and Planning 3(4): 353–368.10.1068/a030353
Search in Google Scholar
Aspinall P., Mavros P., Coyne R., Roe J., 2013. The urban brain: Analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine, BJSM Online First, published on March 6, 2013 as 10.1136/bjsports–2012–091877 1–7. Available at: http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/05/bjsports–2012–091877.full (accessed 13 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Bailey C., White C., Pain R., 1999. Evaluating qualitative research, dealing with the tensions between ‘science’ and ‘creativity’. Area 31(2): 169–183.10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00182.x
Search in Google Scholar
Batty M., 2005. Agents, cells, and cities: New representational models for simulating multiscale urban dynamics. Environment and Planning A 37(8): 1373–1394.10.1068/a3784
Search in Google Scholar
Bennett K., 2002. Interviews and focus groups. In: Shurmer-Smith P. (ed.), Doing cultural geography. Sage, London: 151–162.10.4135/9781446219706.n14
Search in Google Scholar
Brannen J., 1992. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches: An overview. Avebury, Aldershot.
Search in Google Scholar
British Psychological Society, 2009. Code of Ethics and Conduct Guidance. Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society. Available at: www.bps.org.uk (accessed 11 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Brookfield K., Bloodworth A., Mohan J., 2013. Engaging residents’ groups in planning using focus groups. Proceedings of the ICE – Engineering Sustainability 166(2): 61–74.10.1680/ensu.12.00012
Search in Google Scholar
Cameron J., Gibson K., 2005. Participatory action research in a poststructuralist vein. Geoforum 36(3): 315–331.10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.06.006
Search in Google Scholar
Carpiano R.M., 2009. Come take a walk with me: The “go-along” interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. Health & Place 15: 263–272.10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.05.00318606557
Search in Google Scholar
Chainey S., Ratcliffe J., 2008. GIS and crime mapping. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex.
Search in Google Scholar
Chebat J.Ch., Gélinas-Chebat C., Therrien K., 2005. Lost in a mall, the effects of gender, familiarity with the shopping mall and the shopping values on shoppers’ wayfinding processes. Journal of Business Research 58(11): 1590–1598.10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.02.006
Search in Google Scholar
Conte R., Hegselmann R., Terna P., 1997. Simulating social phenomena. Springer, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-662-03366-1
Search in Google Scholar
Cope M., Elwood S., 2009. Qualitative GIS. Sage, London.10.4135/9780857024541
Search in Google Scholar
Crang M., 2002. Qualitative methods: The new orthodoxy? Progress in Human Geography 26(5): 647–655.10.1191/0309132502ph392pr
Search in Google Scholar
Creswell J.W., 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage, Thousand Oaks, London.
Search in Google Scholar
DeLyser D., Sui D., 2012. Crossing the qualitative-quantitative divide II: Inventive approaches to big data, mobile methods, and rhythm analysis. Progress in Human Geography 37(2): 293–305.10.1177/0309132512444063
Search in Google Scholar
Dennis S.F., 2006. Prospects for qualitative GIS at the intersection of youth development and participatory urban planning. Environment and Planning A 38(11): 2039–2054.10.1068/a3861
Search in Google Scholar
Denzin N.K., 1978. The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Search in Google Scholar
Denzin N.K., Lincoln Y.S. (eds), 1994. Handbook of qualitative research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, London.
Search in Google Scholar
Dogu U., Erkip F., 2000. Spatial factors affecting wayfinding and orientation: A case study in a shopping mall. Environment and Behavior 32(6): 731–755.10.1177/00139160021972775
Search in Google Scholar
Doherty S.T., Noël N., Gosselin M.L., Sirois C., Ueno M., 1999. Moving beyond observed outcomes: Integrating global positioning systems and interactive computer-based travel behavior surveys. Transportation Research E-Circular Washington, D.C. 449–467. Available at: www.trb.org (accessed 11 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Dolins F.L., Mitchell R.W., 2010. Spatial cognition, spatial perception mapping the self and space. University Press, Cambridge.
Search in Google Scholar
Dowling R., 2009. Ethical issues in research. In: Kitchin R., Thrift N. (eds), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Oxford: 595–600.10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00429-6
Search in Google Scholar
Driver F., 2001. Human geography, social science, the arts and the humanities. Area 33(4): 431–434.
Search in Google Scholar
Durham Community Research Team Centre for Social Justice and Community Action, Durham University, 2011. Community-based participatory research: Ethical challenges. Available at: https://www.dur.ac.uk/beacon/social-justice/researchprojects/cbpr/ (accessed 11 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Dziak J.J., Nahum-Shani I., Collins L.M., 2012. Multilevel factorial experiments for developing behavioral interventions: Power, sample size, and resource considerations. Psychological Methods 17(2): 153–175.10.1037/a0026972335153522309956
Search in Google Scholar
Eck J.E., Liu L., 2008. Contrasting simulated and empirical experiments in crime prevention. Journal of Experimental Criminology 4: 195–213.10.1007/s11292-008-9059-z
Search in Google Scholar
Elgethun K., Fenske R.A., Yost M.G., Palcisko G.J., 2003. Time-location analysis for exposure assessment studies of children using a novel global positioning system instrument. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(1): 115–122.10.1289/ehp.5350124131512515689
Search in Google Scholar
Elwood S.A., Martin D.G., 2000. “Placing” interviews: Location and scales of power in qualitative research. The Professional Geographer 52(4): 649–657.10.1111/0033-0124.00253
Search in Google Scholar
Evans J., Jones P., 2011. The walking interview: Methodology, mobility and place. Applied Geography 31(2): 849–858.10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.09.005
Search in Google Scholar
Fisher P.A., Ball T.J., 2003. Tribal participatory research: Mechanisms of a collaborative model. American Journal of Community Psychology 32(3/4): 207–216.10.1023/B:AJCP.0000004742.39858.c5
Search in Google Scholar
Garling T., Golledge R.G. (eds), 1993. Behavior and environment: Psychological and geographical approaches. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Search in Google Scholar
Gibson C., Brennan-Horley C., Warren A., 2010. Geographic information technologies for cultural research: Cultural mapping and the prospects of colliding epistemologies. Cultural Trends 19(3): 325–348.10.1080/09548963.2010.515006
Search in Google Scholar
Golledge R.G., Klatzky R.L., Loomis J.M., Speigle J., Tietz J., 1998. A geographical information system for a GPS-based personal guidance system. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 12(7): 727–749.10.1080/136588198241635
Search in Google Scholar
Golledge R.G., Stimson R.J., 1997. Spatial behaviour. A geographic perspective. Guilford Press, New York, London.
Search in Google Scholar
González M.C., Hidalgo C.A., Barabási A.L., 2008. Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453(5): 779–782.10.1038/nature0695818528393
Search in Google Scholar
Goss J., Leinbach T., 1996. Focus groups as alternative research practice: Experience with transmigrants in Indonesia. Area 28(2): 115–123.
Search in Google Scholar
Greenberg Raanan M., Shoval N., 2014. Mental maps compared to actual spatial behavior using GPS data: A new method for investigating segregation in cities. Cities 36: 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.09.003.10.1016/j.cities.2013.09.003
Search in Google Scholar
Hägerstrand T., 1970. What about people in regional science? Papers of Regional Science Association 24: 7–21.10.1007/BF01936872
Search in Google Scholar
Hussein A., 2009. The use of triangulation in social sciences research: Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined? Journal of Comparative Social Work 1: 1–12. Available at: http://www.jcsw.no/?page=issueContent&issue=issue04 (accessed 11 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Ingold T., Lee J., 2008. Ways of walking: Ethnography and practice on foot. Ashgate, London.
Search in Google Scholar
Janarthanam S., Lemon O., Liu X., Bartie P., Mackaness W., Dalmas T., Goetze J., 2012. Integrating location, visibility, and question-answering in a spoken dialogue system for pedestrian city exploration. Paper presented at SemDial 2012 16th Workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue. Paris, France.
Search in Google Scholar
Janarthanam S., Lemon O., Bartie P., Dalmas T., Dickinson A., Liu X., Mackaness W., Webber B., 2013. Evaluating a city exploration dialogue system with integrated question-answering and pedestrian navigation. Paper presented at the Association for Computer Linguistics – ACL 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Search in Google Scholar
Janelle D.G., Goodchild M.F., Klinkenberg B., 1988. Space-time diaries and travel characteristics for different levels of respondent aggregation. Environment and Planning A 20(7): 891–906.10.1068/a200891
Search in Google Scholar
Jick T.D., 1979. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly 24: 602–611.10.2307/2392366
Search in Google Scholar
Kidner D., Higgs G., White S. (eds), 2003. Socio-economic applications of geographic information science (innovations in GIS). Taylor and Francis, London.10.1201/b12606
Search in Google Scholar
Kindon S., Pain R., Kesby M. (eds), 2007. Participatory action research approaches and methods: Connecting people, participation and place. Routledge, London.10.4324/9780203933671
Search in Google Scholar
Kirk R., 1995. Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
Search in Google Scholar
Kitzinger J., 1995. Introducing focus groups. British Medical Journal 311: 299–302.10.1136/bmj.311.7000.29925503657633241
Search in Google Scholar
Krueger R.A., Casey M.A., 2008 Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage, London.
Search in Google Scholar
Kwan M.P., 2012. The uncertain geographic context problem. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102(5): 958–968.10.1080/00045608.2012.687349
Search in Google Scholar
Kwan M.P., Knigge L., 2006. Doing qualitative research using GIS: An oxymoronic endeavor? Environment and Planning A 38(11): 1999–2002.10.1068/a38462
Search in Google Scholar
Lee H.J., Joh C.H., 2010. Tourism behaviour in Seoul: An analysis of tourism activity sequence using multidimensional sequence alignments. Tourism Geographies 12(4): 487–50410.1080/14616688.2010.516399
Search in Google Scholar
Li Ch., 2006. User preferences, information transactions and location-based services: A study of urban pedestrian wayfinding. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 30(6): 726–740.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2006.02.008
Search in Google Scholar
Liu L., Hou A., Biderman A., Ratti C., 2009. Understanding individual and collective mobility patterns from smart card records: A case study in Shenzhen. 12^th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2009.5309662 (accessed 13 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Longhurst R., 2003. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. In: Clifford N.J., Valentine G. (eds), Key methods in geography. Sage, London: 117–132.
Search in Google Scholar
Lowery D.R., Morse W.C., 2013. A qualitative method for collecting spatial data on important places for recreation, livelihoods, and ecological meanings: Integrating focus groups with public participation geographic information systems. Society & Natural Resources 26(12): 1422–1437.10.1080/08941920.2013.819954
Search in Google Scholar
Mackaness W., Bartie P., Sanchez-Rodilla Espeso C., 2014. The ‘when, how and what’ of text based wayfinding instructions for urban pedestrians. Paper presented at GISRUK 2014 Conference, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
Search in Google Scholar
McKenzie M., Debbage K., 1990. Spatial pattern of visitor behaviour: A case study of the North Carolina Zoological Park. Geographical Bulletin 32(2): 100–109.
Search in Google Scholar
McKercher B., Lau G., 2008. Movement patterns of tourists within a destination. Tourism Geographies 10(3): 355–374.10.1080/14616680802236352
Search in Google Scholar
Mendoza C., Morén-Alegret R., 2012. Exploring methods and techniques for the analysis of senses of place and migration. Progress in Human Geography 37(6): 762–785.10.1177/0309132512473867
Search in Google Scholar
Mertens D.M., Ginsberg P.E. (eds), 2008. The handbook of social research ethics. Sage, London.10.4135/9781483348971
Search in Google Scholar
Millonig A., Gartner G., 2007. Monitoring pedestrian spatio-temporal behaviour. In: Gottfried B (ed.), Workshop on behaviour monitoring and interpretation BMI 07: 29–42. Available at www.tzi.de (accessed 11 March 2014).
Search in Google Scholar
Miskelly F., 2005. Electronic tracking of patients with dementia and wandering using mobile phone technology. Age and Ageing 34(5): 497–499.10.1093/ageing/afi145
Search in Google Scholar
Moles M., 2008. A walk in thirdspace: Place, methods and walking. Sociological Research Online 13(4). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/4/2.html (accessed 13 March 2014).10.5153/sro.1745
Search in Google Scholar
Murakami E., Wagner D.P., 1999. Can using global positioning system (GPS) improve trip reporting? Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 7(2): 149–165.10.1016/S0968-090X(99)00017-0
Search in Google Scholar
Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D., 1977. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84(3): 231–259.10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231
Search in Google Scholar
Orellana D., Bregt A.K., Ligtenberg A., Wachowicz M., 2012. Exploring visitor movement patterns in natural recreational areas. Tourism Management 33(3): 672–682.10.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.010
Search in Google Scholar
Orellana D., Wachowicz M., 2011. Exploring patterns of movement suspension in pedestrian mobility. Geographical Analysis 43(3): 241–60.10.1111/j.1538-4632.2011.00818.x22073410
Search in Google Scholar
Pain R., 2008. Ethical possibilities: Towards participatory ethics. Children’s Geographies 6(1): 104–108.
Search in Google Scholar
Pain R., Francis P., 2003. Reflections on participatory research. Area 35(1): 46–54.10.1111/1475-4762.00109
Search in Google Scholar
Pain R., Kindon S., 2007. Participatory geographies. Environment and Planning A, 39(12): 2807–2812.10.1068/a39347
Search in Google Scholar
Pavlovskaya M., 2006. Theorizing with GIS: A tool for critical geographies? Environment and Planning A 38(11): 2003–2020.10.1068/a37326
Search in Google Scholar
Pettersson R., Zillinger M., 2011. Time and space in event behaviour: Tracking visitors by GPS. Tourism Geographies 13(1): 1–20.10.1080/14616688.2010.529932
Search in Google Scholar
Philip L.J., 1998. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to social research in human geography – an impossible mixture? Environment and Planning A 30(2): 261–276.10.1068/a300261
Search in Google Scholar
Phillips M.L., Hall T.A., Esmen N.A., Lynch R., Johnson D.L., 2001. Use of global positioning system technology to track subject’s location during environmental exposure sampling. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology 11(3): 207–215.10.1038/sj.jea.7500161
Search in Google Scholar
Pratt G., 2002. Studying immigrants in focus groups. In: Moss P (ed.), Feminist geography in practice. Blackwell, Oxford: 214–229.
Search in Google Scholar
Prince M., Brown S., Heathcote A., 2012. The design and analysis of state-trace experiments. Psychological Methods 17(1): 78–99.10.1037/a0025809
Search in Google Scholar
Quiroga C.A., Bullock D., 1998. Travel time studies with global positioning and geographic information systems: An integrated methodology. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 6(1): 101–127.10.1016/S0968-090X(98)00010-2
Search in Google Scholar
Rainham D., Krewski D., McDowell I., Sawada M., Liekens B., 2008. Development of a wearable global positioning system for place and health research. International Journal of Health Geographics 7(1): 59.10.1186/1476-072X-7-59261337919032783
Search in Google Scholar
Ratti C., Pulselli R.M., Williams S., Frenchman D., 2006. Mobile landscapes: Using location data from cell-phones for urban analysis. Environment & Planning B 33(5): 727–748.10.1068/b32047
Search in Google Scholar
Research Ethics Code of Practice: Summary version 2005, 2008. Children’s Geographies 6(1): 95–108.10.1080/14733280701791975
Search in Google Scholar
Richardson D.B., Volkow N.D., Kwan M., Kaplan R.M., Goodchild M.F., Croyle R.T., 2013. Spatial turn in health research. Science 339 (6126): 1390–1392.10.1126/science.1232257375754823520099
Search in Google Scholar
Ricketts Hein J., Evans J., Jones P., 2008. Mobile methodologies: Theory, technology and practice. Geography Compass 2: 1266–1285.10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00139.x
Search in Google Scholar
Rocheleau D., 1995. Maps, numbers, text and context: Mixing methods in feminist political ecology. The Professional Geographer 47(4): 458–466.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00458.x
Search in Google Scholar
Santé I., García A.M., Miranda D., Crecente R., 2010. Cellular automata models for the simulation of real-world urban processes: A review and analysis. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 108–122.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.001
Search in Google Scholar
Sheller M., Urry J., 2006. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A 38(2): 207–226.10.1068/a37268
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., 2008. Tracking technologies and urban analysis. Cities 25(1): 21–28.10.1016/j.cities.2007.07.005
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., 2010. Monitoring and managing visitors flows in destinations using aggregate GPS data. In Gretzel R.L., Fuchs M. (eds), Information and communication technologies in tourism. Springer, Vienna, New York: 171–184.10.1007/978-3-211-99407-8_15
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2006. Application of tracking technologies to the study of pedestrian spatial behavior. The Professional Geographer 58(2): 172–183.10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00524.x
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2007. Tracking tourists in the digital age. Annals of Tourism Research 34(1): 141–159.10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.007
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., Isaacson M., 2010. Tourist mobility and advanced tracking technologies. Routledge, London.10.4324/9780203869376
Search in Google Scholar
Shoval N., Kwan M., Reinau K.H., Harder H., 2014. The shoemaker’s son always goes barefoot: Implementations of GPS and other tracking technologies for geographic research. Geoforum 51: 1–5.10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.09.016
Search in Google Scholar
Song C., Qu Z., Blumm N., Barabási A.L. 2010. Limits of predictability in human mobility. Science 327: 1018–1021.10.1126/science.117717020167789
Search in Google Scholar
Stopher P.R., Wilmot C.G., 2000. Some new approaches to designing household travel surveys-time-use diaries and GPS. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Paper# 00. T. 1163.
Search in Google Scholar
Szalai A., 1972. The use of time: Daily activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve countries. Mouton, Hague, Paris.
Search in Google Scholar
Talen E., 2000. Bottom-up GIS: A new tool for individual and group expression in participatory planning. Journal of American Planning Association 66: 279–294.10.1080/01944360008976107
Search in Google Scholar
Thornton P.R., Williams A.M., Shaw G., 1997. Revisiting time-space diaries: An exploratory case study of tourist behaviour in Cornwall, England. Environment and Planning A 29(3): 1847–1867.10.1068/a291847
Search in Google Scholar
Thrift N., 2005. Thorsten Hägerstrand and social theory. Progress in Human Geography 29(3): 337–340.10.1177/030913250502900312
Search in Google Scholar
Thyer B.A., 2012. Quasi-experimental research designs. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387384.001.0001
Search in Google Scholar
Wilkinson S., 1998. Focus groups in feminist research: Power, interaction, and the construction of meaning. Women Studies International Forum 24: 111–125.10.1016/S0277-5395(97)00080-0
Search in Google Scholar
Wolf J., Guensler R., Bachman W., 2001. Elimination of the travel diary: Experiment to derive trip purpose from global positioning system travel data. Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1768(1): 125–134.10.3141/1768-15
Search in Google Scholar
Wolf J., Loechl M., Thompson M., Arce C., 2003. Trip rate analysis in GPS-enhanced personal travel surveys. Transport Survey Quality and Innovation 28: 483–98.10.1108/9781786359551-028
Search in Google Scholar
Wylie J., 2005. A single day’s walking: Narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30: 234–247.10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00163.x
Search in Google Scholar
Xia J., Arrowsmith C., Jackson M., Cartwright W., 2008. The wayfinding process relationships between decision-making and landmark utility. Tourism Management 29(3): 445–57.10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.010
Search in Google Scholar
Xia J., Zeephongsekul P., Packer D., 2011. Spatial and temporal modelling of tourist movements using semi-Markov processes. Tourism Management 32(4): 844–851.10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.009
Search in Google Scholar
Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Matthews S.A., Odoms-Young A., Wilbur J., Wegrzyn L., Gibbs K., Braunschweig C., Stokes C., 2011. Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: A pilot study. Health & Place 17(5): 1150–1161.10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.05.001322484921696995
Search in Google Scholar
Zito R., d’Este G., Taylor M.A.P., 1995. Global positioning systems in the time domain: How useful a tool for intelligent vehicle-highway systems? Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 3(4): 193–209.10.1016/0968-090X(95)00006-5
Search in Google Scholar

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0034 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 25 - 37

Submitted on: Mar 13, 2015

Published on: Dec 30, 2015

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

methodological triangulation,

movement pattern research,

qualitative sociological methods,

behavioural experiment,

role of researcher

Related subjects:

Geosciences,

Geography

© 2015 Jacek Kotus, Michał Rzeszewski, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 34 (2015): Issue 4 (December 2015)