References
- 1. Kang SH, Lee JI. Metabolic disturbances independent of body mass in patients with schizophrenia taking atypical antipsychotics. Psychiatry Investig. 2015; 12(2):242-8.
- 2. Rouillon F, Van Ganse E, Vekhoff P, Arnaud R, Depret-Bixio L, Dillenschneider A. Vigilance level for cardiovascular risk factors in schizophrenic patients. Encephale. 2015;41(1):70-7.
- 3. Cradock-O’Leary J, Young AS, Yano EM, Wang M, Lee ML. Use of general medical services by VA patients with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(7):874-8.10.1176/appi.ps.53.7.874
- 4. Jones ME, Campbell G, Patel D, Brunner E, Shatapathy CC, Murray-Thomas T, van Staa TP, Motsko S. Risk of Mortality (including Sudden Cardiac Death) and Major Cardiovascular Events in Users of Olanzapine and Other Antipsychotics: A Study with the General Practice Research Database. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2013;2013:647476.
- 5. Tolliver BK, Anton RF. Assessment and treatment of mood disorders in the context of substance abuse. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(2):181-90.
- 6. Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, McMillan N, Ford M.2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System: 31th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:1032–283.
- 7. Weeke P, Jensen A, Folke F, Gislason GH, Olesen JB, Fosbøl EL, Wissenberg M, Lippert FK, Christensen EF, Nielsen SL, Holm E, Kanters JK, Poulsen HE, Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C. Antipsychotics and associated risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(4):490-7.10.1038/clpt.2014.139
- 8. Nezafati MH, Vojdanparast M, Nezafati P. Antidepressants and cardiovascular adverse events: A narrative review. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(5):295-304.
- 9. Zemrak WR, George A. Kenna GA. Association of Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Drugs With Q-T interval Prolongation. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65(11):1029-1038.10.2146/ajhp070279
- 10. Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes associated with second-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2014;28(10):887-920.
- 11. Postema PG, Wilde AA. The Measurement of the QT Interval. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2014;10(3):287-294.10.2174/1573403X10666140514103612
- 12. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products. The assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular medicinal products, Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, London (1997).
- 13. De Bruin ML, Langendijk PN, Koopmans RP, Wilde AA, Leufkens HG, Hoes AW. In-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with use of non-antiarrhythmic QTc-prolonging drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:216–223.10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02722.x
- 14. Huffman JC, Stern TA. QTc Prolongation and the Use of Antipsychotics: A Case Discussion. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;5(6):278-281.
- 15. Vieweg WV. New Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and QTc Interval Prolongation.Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;5(5):205-215.
- 16. Girardin FR, Gex-Fabry M, Berney P, Shah D, Gaspoz JM, Dayer P. Drug-induced long QT in adult psychiatric inpatients: the 5-year cross-sectional ECG Screening Outcome in Psychiatry study. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(12):1468-76.
- 17. Wenzel-Seifert K, Wittmann M, Haen E. QTc Prolongation by Psychotropic Drugs and the Risk of Torsade de Pointes. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011; 108(41): 687–693.
- 18. Alinejad S, Kazemi T, Zamani N, Hoffman RS, Mehrpour O. A systematic review of the cardiotoxicity of methadone. EXCLI J. 2015;14:577-600.
- 19. Danielsson B, Collin J, Jonasdottir Bergman G, Borg N, Salmi P, Fastbom J. Antidepressants and antipsychotics classified with torsades de pointes arrhythmia risk and mortality in older adults - a Swedish nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(4):773-83.10.1111/bcp.12829
- 20. Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, et al. Prevention of Torsade de Pointes in Hospital Settings: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology FoundationEndorsed by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses and the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2010;121(8):1047-1060.
- 21. Anonymous (2005b). International Conference on Harmonisation; guidance on S7b Nonclinical evaluation of the Potential for Delayed Ventricular Repolarization (QT Interval Prolongation) by Human Pharmaceuticals; availability. Notice. Fed Regist 70:61133–61134.
- 22. Anonymous (2005a). International Conference on Harmonisation; guidance on E14 Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc Interval Prolongation and Proarrhythmic Potential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs; availability. Notice. Fed Regist 70: 61134–61135.
- 23. CredibleMeds® QTDrugs Lists [cited 05 August 2014]. Available: https://www.crediblemeds.org. Accessed 5 June 2016.
- 24. Schächtele S, Tümena T, Gaßmann KG, Fromm MF, Maas R. Co-Prescription of QT-Interval Prolonging Drugs: An Analysis in a Large Cohort of Geriatric Patients. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155649.
- 25. Vicente J, Johannesen L, Galeotti L, Strauss DG. Mechanisms of sex and age differences in ventricular repolarization in humans. Am Heart J. 2014;168(5):749-56).
- 26. Sumić JČ, Barić V, Bilić P, Herceg M, Sisek-Šprem M, Jukić V. QTc and psychopharmacs: are there any differences between monotherapy and polytherapy. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2007;6:13.
- 27. Sala M, Vicentini A, Brambilla P et al. QT interval prolongation related to psycho-active drug treatment: a comparison of monotherapy versus polytherapy. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 4:1.
- 28. Taylor DM. Antipsychotics and QT prolongation. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107(2):85-95.
- 29. Harrigan EP, Miceli JJ, Anziano R et al. A randomized evaluation of six antipsychotic agents on QTc, in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004; 24:62-9.
- 30. Curto M, Girardi N, Lionetto L, Ciavarella GM, Ferracuti S, Baldessarini RJ. Systematic Review of Clozapine Cardiotoxicity. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(7):68.
- 31. Lam RW. Psychopharmacology for the Clinician. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013; 38(2): E5–E6.
- 32. Stringer J, Welsh Ch, Tommasello A. Methadone-associated Q-T Interval Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66(9):825-833.10.2146/ajhp070392
- 33. Viskin S, Rosovski U, Sands AJ, Chen E, Kistler PM, Kalman JM, Rodriguez Chavez L, Iturralde Torres P, Cruz FFE, Centurion OA, Fujiki A, Maury P, Chen X, Krahn AD, Roithinger F, Zhang L, Vincent GM, Zeltser D: Inaccurate electrocardiographic interpretation of long QT: The majority of physicians cannot recognize a long QT when they see one. Heart Rhythm 2005;2: 569-574.10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.02.011
- 34. M.Vega, C. Riaza, A. Chinchilla, I. Gobernado. HYPOKALEMIA, PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION AND PROLONGING THE QTC. European Psychiatry 2011.
- 35. Molnar J, Zhang F, Weiss J, Ehlert FA, Rosenthal JE. Diurnal pattern of QTc interval: how long is prolonged? Possible relation to circadian triggers of cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(1):76–83.10.1016/0735-1097(95)00426-2
- 36. Zitron E, Scholz E, Owen RW, Lück S, Kiesecker C, Thomas D, et al. QTc prolongation by grapefruit juice and its potential pharmacological basis: HERG channel blockade by flavonoids. Circulation. 2005;111:835–838.
- 37. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Zareba W. QT Interval: How to Measure It and What Is “Normal”. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(3):333-6.
- 38. Ames D, Camm J, Cook P, Falkai P, Gury C, Hurley R, Johnson G, Piepho R, Vieweg V; Cardiac Safety in Schizophrenia Group. [Minimizing the risks associated with QTc prolongation in people with schizophrenia. A consensus statement by the Cardiac Safety in Schizophrenia Group]. Encephale. 2002; 28(6 Pt 1):552-62.