Short-term Impacts of Tillage and Fertilizer Treatments on Soil and Root Borne Nematodes and Maize Yield in a Fine Textured Cambisol
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Short-term Impacts of Tillage and Fertilizer Treatments on Soil and Root Borne Nematodes and Maize Yield in a Fine Textured Cambisol

Journal of Nematology

Volume 50 (2018): Issue 3 (January 2018)

By: N. Mashavakure, A. B. Mashingaidze, R. Musundire, E. Gandiwa, V. K. Muposhi, C. Thierfelder, N. Nhamo, T. Bere and S. S. Akhtar

Open Access

|Oct 2018

Figures & Tables

Percentage composition of total soil and root borne nematodes from soils and roots collected in tillage and fertilizer split plot experiment at Chinhoyi University of Technology farm, Zimbabwe, combined for all time points and treatments in the 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons.

Biplot representing the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on nematodes assemblages (Heli (Helicotylenchus), Nonp (non-plant-parasitic nematodes), Scute (Scutellonema), Roty (Rotylenchulus), Xiph (Xiphinema), Tyle (Tylenchus), Trich (Trychodorus), Melo (Meloidogyne), and Praty (Pratylenchus)) and maize grain yield (GYD) collected from 36 plots that were subjected to three tillage systems (basin NT (BASIN), rip line NT (RIP), and conventional tillage (CONV)) and four fertilizer regimes (no-fertilizer (NF), micro dosing (LF), medium fertilizer (MF), and high fertilizer (HF)) at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 cropping season. Treatments are depicted using arrows while nematodes are depicted with dots.

. Biplot representing the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on nematodes assemblages (Heli (Helicotylenchus), Nonp (non-plant-parasitic nematodes), Scute (Scutellonema), Roty (Rotylenchulus), Tylen (Tylenchus), and Praty (Pratylenchus)) and maize grain yield (GYD) collected from 36 plots that were subjected to three tillage systems (basin NT (BASIN), rip line NT (RIP), and conventional tillage (CONV)) and four fertilizer regimes (no-fertilizer (NF), micro dosing (LF), medium fertilizer (MF), and high fertilizer (HF)) at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, averaged across all sampling points in 2015/16 cropping season. Treatments are depicted using arrows while nematodes are depicted with dots.

Mean maize grain yield in kg ha−1 as affected by tillage and fertilizer treatments at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

	Tillage treatments				Fertilizer treatments
Cropping season	Basins	Rip	Conv	SED	NF	LF	MF	HF	SED
2014/15	6,846^b	6,449^b	3,697^a	1,041.84	5,022	6,200	5,459	5,975	709.90
2015/16	9,672^c	7,463^b	4,580^a	635.33	5,945	7,755	7,842	7,412	1,048.66

Mean plant-parasitic diversity across different tillage and fertilizer treatments at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

	Basin	Rip	Conv	SED	NF	LF	MF	HF	SED
2014/15 season
Evenness index	0.62	0.65	0.60	0.03	0.62	0.63	0.64	0.61	0.03
Richness index	5.08^b	4.64^a	4.97^ab	0.13	4.74	5.04	4.82	5.00	0.15
Shannon index	1.12	1.07	1.06	0.05	1.04	1.12	1.10	1.08	0.06
2015/16 season
Evenness index	0.66	0.66	0.71	0.02	0.67	0.66	0.68	0.68	0.03
Richness index	5.33	5.21	5.17	0.19	5.17	5.11	5.28	5.39	0.22
Shannon index	1.23	1.21	1.29	0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	0

Tillage and fertilizer effects on population density of different nematode feeding site groups recovered from 100 cm3 of soil and 10 g of maize roots at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

	Tillage treatments				Fertilizer treatments
	Basin	Rip	Conv	SED	NF	LF	MF	HF	SED
2014/15 season
Soil
Sedentary endoparasites	1	0	0	0.31	1	0	0	0	0.36
Migratory endoparasites	22	35	40	13.59	37	41	28	23	15.69
Semi-endoparasites	167^b	108^b	59^a	25.42	108	121	103	114	29.35
Ectoparasites	0	0	0	0.18	0	0	0	0	0.21
Root
Migratory endoparasites	255	302	494	122.90	334	428	411	229	141.90
Semi-endoparasites	1	0	1	1.04	12	0	0	0	1.20
2015/16 season
Soil
Algal feeders	1	0	0	0.47	1	0	1	1	0.55
Sedentary endoparasites	3	4	4	3.71	4	6	3	1	4.28
Migratory endoparasites	19	23	25	6.47	23	17	31	19	7.471
Semi-endoparasites	105^b	92^b	43^a	24.58	63	91	93	73	28.38
Root
Migratory endoparasites	889	354	917	284.40	643	779	638	820	328

Correlation (Pearson r) between maize grain yield and plant-parasitic nematode population in the soil and on roots (log (x + 2_5)−transformed) before planting and 120 d after crop emergence at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

Sampling time point	Pratylenchus	Scutellonema	Helicotylenchus	Total nematode
2014/15 cropping season
Pre-planting	−0.19	0.23	0.51**	0.37*
120 DAE	0.04	0.19	0.03	0.27
2015/16 cropping season
Pre-planting	−0.14	0.24	0.19	0.26
120 DAE	−0.03	0.06	−0.11	−0.03

Tillage and fertilizer effects on population density of nematodes recovered from 100 cm3 of soil and 10 g of maize root tissue at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

	Tillage treatments				Fertilizer treatments
	Basin	Rip	Conv	SED	NF	LF	MF	HF	SED
2014/15 season
Soil
Helicotylenchus sp.	55^b	30^b	22^a	12.20	27	42	27	45	14.09
Pratylenchus sp.	22	35	40	13.59	37	41	28	23	15.69
Rotylenchulus sp.	1	0	0	0.32	1	0	0	0	0.37
Scutellonema sp.	112^b	78^b	37^a	17.90	81	78	75	68	20.67
Non- parasitic	44	39	38	4.583	41	35	40	46	5.292
Total nematodes	233^b	182^a	137^a	24.97	186	197	171	182	28.84
Root
Pratylenchus sp.	255	302	494	122.90	334	428	411	229	141.90
2015/20 season
Soil
Helicotylenchus sp.	27	37	19	15.73	21	31	36	22	18.17
Pratylenchus sp.	19	23	25	6.47	23	17	31	19	7.47
Rotylenchulus sp.	3	4	4	3.71	4	6	3	1	4.28
Scutellonema sp.	74^b	52^b	21^a	14.58	37	54	54	49	16.83
Tylenchus	1	0	0	0.47	1	0	1	1	0.55
Non- parasitic	23^b	10^a	21^b	4.91	14	12	23	22	5.67
Total nematodes	148^b	126^ab	88^a	29.04	1001	120	147	115	33.53
Root
Pratylenchus sp.	889	354	917	284.40	643	779	638	820	328.40

Monthly total rainfall (mm) at Chinhoyi of Technology farm in Zimbabwe in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

Month	2014/15 (Rainfall in mm)	2015/16 (Rainfall in mm)
September	0	0
October	3.1	20.9
November	22	90.9
December	302.8	184.9
January	339.2	53.8
February	104.9	61.8
March	34.3	173.4
April	38	94
May	0	0
June	0	0
July	0	0
August	0	0
Total	844.3	679.7

Summary of treatments used in the study at Chinhoyi University farm, Zimbabwe, in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons_

Factor	Level of factor	Explanation
Tillage	Basin planting	Each basin (15 × 15 × 15 cm) was done using hoes. The basins were about 10 cm below the rest of the land after planting
	Rip line seeding	Marked using a tractor-mounted ripper to a depth of about 15 cm
	Conventional tillage	Disc plowed as primary tillage followed by secondary tillage using a disc harrow
Fertilizer regime	Control (no fertilizer)	No fertilizer
	Micro dosing (low fertilizer)	100 g of manure per plant position + 80 kg ha⁻¹ compound D fertilizer (8 N: 14 P₂O₅: 7 K₂O) + 80 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate (34.5% N) (total rate: 35.2 kg ha⁻¹ N: 12.2 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅: 6.6 kg ha⁻¹K₂O)
	Medium fertilizer rate	100 kg ha⁻¹ compound D fertilizer (8 N: 14 P₂O₅: 7 K₂O) + 100 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate (34.5% N) (total rate: 41.5 kg ha^-1 N: 14 kg ha⁻¹P₂O₅: 7 kg ha⁻¹K₂O)
	High fertilizer rate	200 kg ha⁻¹ compound D fertilizer (8 N: 14 P₂O₅: 7 K₂O) + 200 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate (34.5% N) (total rate: 83 kg ha⁻¹ N: 28 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅: 14 kg ha⁻¹ K₂O)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-033 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 329 - 342

Published on: Oct 17, 2018

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Nematode-yield relationships,

Rip line seeding,

Basin planting,

Nematode feeding sites

Related subjects:

Life sciences, other

© 2018 N. Mashavakure, A. B. Mashingaidze, R. Musundire, E. Gandiwa, V. K. Muposhi, C. Thierfelder, N. Nhamo, T. Bere, S. S. Akhtar, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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