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High Mitochondrial Genome Diversity and Intricate Population Structure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Kyushu, Japan Cover

High Mitochondrial Genome Diversity and Intricate Population Structure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Kyushu, Japan

Open Access
|Oct 2018

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Location of the studied populations of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (black dots) in Kyushu and the group of haplotype distribution of each population. The names of populations are written in code as indicated in Table 1. The classification of haplotypes is presented as in Figure 2.
Location of the studied populations of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (black dots) in Kyushu and the group of haplotype distribution of each population. The names of populations are written in code as indicated in Table 1. The classification of haplotypes is presented as in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Phylogentic tree for 33 mitochondrial haplotypes of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus containing 30 from Kyushu and 3 from previous studies was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers under the branches represent support values from bootstrap replications of 1,000. Evolutionary distances greater than 0.0001 are shown above branches. Wide bars indicate the major clades clustering.
Phylogentic tree for 33 mitochondrial haplotypes of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus containing 30 from Kyushu and 3 from previous studies was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers under the branches represent support values from bootstrap replications of 1,000. Evolutionary distances greater than 0.0001 are shown above branches. Wide bars indicate the major clades clustering.

Figure 3

Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree diagram showing the genetic relationship that was determined using genetic distances of 12 populations. Numbers next to corresponding nodes indicate the branch lengths in the same units of the genetic distances that are computed based on the haplotype frequency for each population.
Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree diagram showing the genetic relationship that was determined using genetic distances of 12 populations. Numbers next to corresponding nodes indicate the branch lengths in the same units of the genetic distances that are computed based on the haplotype frequency for each population.

Sequence polymorphism and substitutions identified in the mitochondrial genome of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus_

Substitution
Sequence polymorphismNucleotideAmino acid residue
Gene/regionLengtha (bp)No. IndelsIndels/bpb No. SNPsSNPs/bpb No. Tsc No. Tvc Tsc/Tvc ratioNo. Synsd No. Non-synsd Synd/Non-synd ratio
Protein-coding gene cox1 1,156 391/303548.83456.8
cox2 690 71/9970616.0
nad3 342 61/57515.0422.0
nad5 1,569 401/3930103.03093.3
nad6 435 131/331125.51125.5
nad4L 234 51/47414.050
nad1 873 221/401753.421121.0
atp6 417 71/60522.570
subtotal5,716 1391/41114254.6118205.9
tRNA trnC 54 11/5401
trnM 54 11/5401
trnD 55
trnG 54
trnH 55
trnA 55
trnP 57
trnV 57
trnW 55
trnE 55
trnS 55 11/5501
trnY 6311/63
subtotal66911/66931/22303
rRNA rrnL 937 71/134431.3
rrnS 697 61/116331.0
subtotal1,634 131/126761.2
Non-coding region cox1-trnC 1511/1521/7.502
trnC-trnM 7
trnM-trnD 20
trnD-trnG 3 11/310
nad3-nad5 1
rrnS-trnS 4
subtotal5011/5031/17120.5
Total8,060e 21/40301581/51122363.4118205.9

Haplotype distribution within in each population_

Haplotype
Population010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Nha Hdb
Matsuura16313 40.50
Karatsu 83182113 80.82
Itoshima 11 203 40.36
Yukuhashi 6 71 30.60
Chikujo 3 18 30.53
Amakusa 742111192 90.83
Shintomi8 1141 40.57
Miyazaki5 21 20.32
Nichinan-N4 213 30.42
Nichinan-S10 1511 40.57
Sendai 21 211 40.30
Ibusuki 911 4 721180.80
Total4312107182111311428211111098512117211 0.83
Frequency (%)15.14.23.52.50.42.80.70.40.44.60.40.414.72.80.70.40.40.40.43.534.41.80.40.70.40.42.50.70.40.4

Pairwise genetic distances between the 12 populations examined based on haplotype frequency_

PopulationMaKaItYuChAmShMiNi-NNi-SSe
Matsuura (Ma)
Karatsu (Ka)0.570
Itoshima (It)0.6930.665
Yukuhashi (Yu)0.7030.7380.144
Chikujo (Ch)0.7030.7140.3670.288
Amakusa (Am)0.7730.6710.5490.5980.706
Shintomi (Sh)0.5600.7710.6930.7030.7030.465
Miyazaki (Mi)0.5700.9160.7520.7140.7140.7520.347
North Nichinan (Ni-N)0.5490.8090.7030.6930.6930.6730.1440.203
South Nichinan (Ni-S)0.5600.7520.6930.7030.7030.6520.2230.3470.144
Sendai (Se)0.6930.7520.6930.7030.7030.6620.5600.5700.7030.560
Ibusuki (Ib)0.4640.5600.7520.8090.8090.6780.6650.8110.7140.6650.665

Nucleotide variations at 160 polymorphic sites in the 30 haplotypes (Ht) detected in Kyushu_

Haplotype (Ht)
Gene / RegionNucleotide positiona Reference positionb 010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
cox1 40447ATT.................T.T.TT.T..
43450CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
61468GAA......A..........A.A.AA.A..
175582CTT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
202609TCC.................C.C.C..C..
229636CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
231638C...............TT.T..........
253660CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
274681C........T....................
289696AGG......G..........G.G.GG.G..
292699TCC..C...CCCCCCCCCCCC.C.CC.C..
340747T........C....................
367774AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
394801GAA......A......A...A.A.AA.A..
472879A........G....................
490897TCC.................C.C.C..C..
511918TCC......C......C...C.C.C..C..
518925G...A...A.....................
544951GAA..T...A......A...A.A.A..A..
556963TAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
6281035A........G....................
6341041G....A....AAAAAAAAAA......A..A
6821089AGG.................G.G.G..G..
7031110TCC.................C.C.C..C..
7241131T........C....................
7961203AGG.................G.G.G..G..
8231230AGG.................G.G.G..G..
8291236T........C....................
8681275CTT.................T.T.T..T..
8771284T........C....................
9191326CTT......T..........T.T.T..T..
9341341GAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
9401347T........C....................
9611368GAA.................A.A.A..A..
10241431AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
10721479AGG.................G.G.G..G..
10991506A........C....................
11161523AG.........................G..
11221529G.........................A..A
cox1-trnC 1160 A............-..........
1161 T............-..........
1162 A............-..........
1163 A............-..........
11661569T....A....AAAAAA.AAA..........
11681571A......................T.T....
trnC 12161619ATT......T......T...T.T.T..T..
trnM 12331634A.....................T.......
trnD-trnG 13641765T........C....................
cox2 15861987AGG.................G.G.G..G..
16882089A.........................G..G
17542155C........T....................
18252226CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
20152416CTT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
20212422GAA......A..........A.A.AA.A..
20362437CTT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
rrnL 21792579AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
21822582G........A....................
23242724TAA.................A.A.A..A..
23282728G........A....................
24112812TAA.................A.A.AA.AA.
24502851CTT....T............T.T.TT.TT.
28423242TAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
nad3 31523552T........C....................
31993599ATT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
32213621AGG......G......G...G.G.G..G..
32313631AGG.................G.G.G..G..
32423642GAA......A......A...A.A.AA.A..
34193819GAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
nad5 34923892T........C....................
35073907GTT...T......TT..T..TTT.TT.T.T
35153915A....T....TTTT.T.T.T..........
35163916T....A.....AAA.A.AAA..........
35493949TCC.................C.C....C..
36434043CTT..T...TTTTTTTTTTTT.T.TTTTTT
36514051A........G....................
37064106AGG.................G.G.G..G..
38104210ATT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
38644264AGG......G......G...G.G.GG.G..
39214321AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
39724372GAA.................A.A.AA.A..
39754375A........G....................
39934393AGG.................G.G.G..G..
40024402AGG.................G.G.G..G..
40414441A........C....................
41404540TCC.................C.C.C..C..
41644564ATT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
41974597A........G....................
42354635G..........T..................
43234723A........G....................
43294729ATT.................T.T.TT.T..
43744774C........T....................
44164816T........C....................
44494849CTT......T......T...T.T.TT.T..
44554855GAA.................A.A.AA.A..
45144914ATT..T...TTTTTTTTTTTT.T.TTTT.T
45244924GAA......A......A...A.A.AA.A..
45874987AGG.................G.G.G..G..
46485048GAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
46535053AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
47165116T........C....................
47605160T.........................C..C
47715171A........T....................
47765176AGG.................G.G.G.....
47855185AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
48365236CTT.................T.T.T..T..
49375337C..............T..........T..T
49445344TCC.................C.C.C..C..
49625362TCC.................C.C.C..C..
nad6 52385638GAA......A..........A.A.A..A..
52685668AGG.................G.G.G..G..
52715671TCC.................C.C.C..C..
52935693TAA.................A.A.A..A..
53315731TCC.................C.C.C..C..
53735773AGG.................G.G.G..G..
53885788G........T....................
53895789CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
54425842A.........GGGGGG..G...........
54515851CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
54545854GAA.................A.A....A..
55455945G........A....................
55595959T..CC.CCC...................C.
nad4L 56516051GAA.................A.A.A..A..
57386138GTT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
57566156CTT..T...TTTTTTTTTTTT.T.T..T..
57686168G....A....AAAAAAAAAA..........
57746174T........C....................
rrnS 60286428GTT......T..........T.T.T..T..
61306529AGG.................G.G.G..G..
61886588GTT......T..........T.T.T..T..
63436743T....A....AAAAAAAAAA..........
63896789A.........................G..G
65576956TCC.................C.C.C..C..
trnS 66657064T........A....................
trnY 67487140G............................
nad1 67797171TCC.................C.C.C..C..
68027194AGG.................G.G.G..G..
68147206AGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
68477239G........A....................
68897281GAA......C..........A.A.AA.A..
69347326T........C....................
69407332T.........................A..A
69437335A........G....................
70097401T........A....................
71087500CTT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
71507542ATT.................T.T.TT.T..
71597551GAA.................A.A.AA.A..
71897581T........C....................
72017593C........T....................
73067698CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
73097701ATT......T..........T.T.TT.T..
73597751C.T...........................
73997791G........A....................
74357827TCC.................C.C.CC.C..
75347926AGG......G......G...G.G.G..G..
75677959CTT......T......T...T.T.TT.T..
75797971CTT.................T.T.TT.T..
atp6 77608152C........T....................
77728164TGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
78448236TCC......C..........C.C.C..C..
78508242TCC.................C.C.C..C..
78658257TGG......G..........G.G.G..G..
79048296A........G....................
79858377C........T....................

Summary information for populations in Kyushu_

PopulationCodeNa No. of treesb LocationPrefecture
MatsuuraMa231633.3°N, 129.7°ENagasaki
KaratsuKa271033.5°N, 129.9°ESaga
ItoshimaIt252533.6°N, 130.2°EFukuoka
YukuhashiYu141433.7°N, 131.0°EFukuoka
ChikujoCh121233.7°N, 131.1°EFukuoka
AmakusaAm281032.6°N, 130.4°EKumamoto
ShintomiSh242032.1°N, 131.5°EMiyazaki
MiyazakiMi262031.9°N, 131.4°EMiyazaki
North NichinanNi-N28431.6°N, 131.4°EMiyazaki
South NichinanNi-S272031.6°N, 131.4°EMiyazaki
SendaiSe252031.8°N, 130.2°EKagoshima
IbusukiIb262031.2°N, 130.6°EKagoshima
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-034 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
Language: English
Page range: 281 - 302
Published on: Oct 17, 2018
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2018 Hanyong Zhang, Erika Okii, Eiji Gotoh, Susumu Shiraishi, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.