Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Improved method for separation of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis shrub Cover

Improved method for separation of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis shrub

Acta Chemica Malaysia
Volume 3 (2019): Issue 1 (June 2019)
By: Aakash Gupta,  Agni Raj Koirala,  Bikash Gupta and  Niranjan Parajuli  
Open Access
|Feb 2020

References

  1. [1] R. Begum, Z.H. Farooqi, K. Naseem, F. Ali, M. Batool, J. Xiao, and A. Irfan, “Applications of UV/Vis spectroscopy in characterization and catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles fabricated in responsive polymer microgels: a review”, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. Vol. 48, 503-516, 2018. DOI:10.1080/10408347.2018.145129910.1080/10408347.2018.145129929601210
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. [2] J. Zheng, P.R. Nicovich, and R.M. Dickson, “High fluorescent Nobel-metal quantum dots”, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., Vol. 58, 409-431, 2007. DOI:10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.10454610.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104546273502117105412
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. [3] C.M. Aikens, S.Z. Li, and G.C. Schatz, “From discrete electronic states to plasmons: TDDFT optical absorption properties of Agn (n= 10, 20, 35, 56, 84, 120) tetrahedral clusters”, J. Phys. Chem. C., Vol. 112,11272-11279, 2008. DOI:10.1021/jp802707r10.1021/jp802707r
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. [4] K.L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L.L. Zhao, and G.C. Schatz, “The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment”, J. Phys. Chem. B., Vol. 107, 668-677, 2003. DOI:10.1021/jp026731y10.1021/jp026731y
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. [5] M. Hu, J.Y. Chen, Z.Y. Li, L. Au, G.V. Hartland, X.D. Li, M. Marquez, and Y.N. Xia, “Gold nanostructures: engineering their plasmonic properties for biomedical applications”, Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 35, 1084-1094, 2006. DOI :10.1039/B517615H10.1039/b517615h17057837
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. [6] H. Wang, D.W. Brandl, P. Nordlander, and N.J. Halas, “Plasmonic nanostructures: artificial biomolecules”, Acc. Chem. Res., Vol. 40, 53-62, 2007. DOI:10.1021/ar040104510.1021/ar040104517226945
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. [7] A. Moores, and F. Goettmann, “The plasmon band in metal nanoparticles: an introduction to theory and applications”, New J. Chem., Vol. 30, 1121-1132, 2006. DOI:10.1039/B604038C10.1039/b604038c
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. [8] J.P. Guggenbichler, M. Boswald, S. Lugauer, and T. Krall, “A new technology of microdispersed silver in polyurethane induces antimicrobial activity in central venous catheters”, Infection, Vol. 27, 16-23, 1999. DOI:10.1007/BF0256161210.1007/BF0256161210379438
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. [9] S. Gurunathana, K.J. Leeb, K. Kalishwaralala, S. Sheikpranbabua, R. Vaidyanathan, and S.H. Eom, “Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles”, Biomaterials, Vol. 30, 6341-6350, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.008.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.00819698986
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. [10] Y.H. Hsin, C.F. Chen, S. Huang, T.S. Shih, P.S.Lai, and P.J. Chueh, “The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells”, Toxicol Lett., Vol. 179, 130-139, 2008. DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.015.10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.01518547751
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. [11] R. Foldbjerg, D.A. Dang, and H. Autrup, “Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the human lung cancer cell line, A549”, Arch Toxicol., Vol. 85, 743-750, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0545-5.10.1007/s00204-010-0545-520428844
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. [12] M.I. Sriram, S.B. Kanth, K. Kalishwaralal, and S. Gurunathan, “Antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles in Dalton’s lymphoma ascites tumor model”, Int J Nanomedicine, Vol. 5, 753-762, 2010. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S11727.10.2147/IJN.S11727296227121042421
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. [13] R.W. Sun, C. Rong, N.P.Y. Chung, C.M. Ho, C.L.S. Lin, and C.M. Che, “Silver nanoparticles fabricated in Hepes buffer exhibit cytoprotective activities toward HIV-1 infected cells”, Chem Commun (Camb)., Vol. 28, 5059-5061, 2005. DOI: 10.1039/b510984a10.1039/b510984a16220170
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. [14] H.H. Lara, N.V. Ayala-Nunez, L. Ixtepan-Turrent, and C. Rodriguez-Padilla, “Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1”, J. Nanobiotechnology., Vol. 8, 1, 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-1.10.1186/1477-3155-8-1281864220145735
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. [15] L. Lu, R.W. Sun, R. Chen, C.K. Hui, C.M. Ho, J.M. Luk, G.K. Lau, and C.M. Che, “Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus replication”, Antivir Ther., Vol. 13, 253-262, 2008.10.1177/135965350801300210
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. [16] L. Sun, A.K. Singh, K. Vig, S.R. Pillai, and S.R. Singh, “Silver nanoparticles inhibit replication of the respiratory syncytial virus”, J. Biomed. Biotechnol., Vol. 4, 149-158, 2008. DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2008.01210.1166/jbn.2008.012
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. [17] D. Baram-Pinto, S. Shukla, N. Perkas, A. Gedanken, and R. Sarid, “Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by silver nanoparticles capped with mercapto ethane sulfonate”, Bioconjug Chem., 20, 1497-1502, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/bc900215b.10.1021/bc900215b21141805
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. [18] J.V. Rogers, C.V. Parkinson, Y.W. Choi, J.L. Speshock, and S.M. Hussain, “A preliminary assessment of silver nanoparticle inhibition of monkey pox virus plaque formation”, Nanoscale Res Lett., Vol. 3, 129-133, 2008. DOI:10.1007%2Fs11671-008-9128-210.1007/s11671-008-9128-2
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. [19]. Kalishwaralal, S. Barathmanikanth, S.R.K. Pandian, V. Deepak, and S. Gurunathan, “Silver nano – a trove for retinal therapies”, J. Control Release., Vol. 145 (2), 76-90, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.02210.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.02220359511
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. [20] G. Han, P. Ghosh, and V.M. Rotello, “Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery,” Nanomedicine, Vol. 2(1), 113-123, 2007. DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.1.11310.2217/17435889.2.1.11317716197
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. [21] D.A Giljohann, D.S. Seferos, P.C. Patel, J.E. Millstone, N.L. Rosi, and C.A. Mirkin, “Oligotinucleotide loading determines cellular uptake of DNA-modified gold nanoparticles”, Nano. Lett., Vol. 7(12), 3818-3821, 2007. DOI: 10.1021/nl072471q10.1021/nl072471q
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. [22] D.A Giljohann, D.S. Seferos, A.E. Prigodich, P.C. Patel, and C.A. Mirkin, “Gene regulation with polyvalent siRNA-nanoparticles conjugates”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 131(6), 2072-2073, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/ja808719p10.1021/ja808719p
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. [23] N.L. Rosi, D.A. Giljohann, C.S. Thaxton, A.K. Lytton-Jean, M.S. Han, and C.A. Mirkin, “Oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation”, Science, Vol. 312(5776), 1027-1030, 2006. DOI:10.1126/science.112555910.1126/science.1125559
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. [24] D.F. Emerich, and C.G. Thanos, “The pinpoint promise of nanoparticle-based drug delivery and molecular diagnosis”, Biomol. Eng., Vol. 23(4), 171-184, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.02610.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.026
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. [25] V. Sokolova, and M. Epple, “Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers of nucleic acids into cells”, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., Vol. 47(8), 1382-1395, 2008. DOI: 10.1002/anie.20070303910.1002/anie.200703039
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. [26] M.A. Minter, and E.E. Simanek, “Nonviral vectors for gene delivery”, Chem. Rev., 109 (2), 259-302, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/cr800409e.10.1021/cr800409e
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. [27] C.M. Niemeyer, “Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids: Biotechnology meets material science”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., Vol. 40(22), 4128-4158, 2001. DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::AID-ANIE4128>3.0.CO;2-S.10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::AID-ANIE4128>3.0.CO;2-S
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. [28] S.A. Agasti, A. Chompoosor, C.C. You, P. Gosh, C.K. Kim, and V.M. Rotello, “Photoregulated release of caged anticancer drugs from gold nanoparticles”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (16), 5728-5729, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/ja900591t.10.1021/ja900591t
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. [29] J.L. Vivero-Escoto, I.I. Slowing, C.W. Wu, and V.S.Y. Lin, “Photoinduced intracellular controlled released drug delivery in human cells by gold-capped mesoporous silica nanosphere”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 131(10), 3462-3463, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/ja900025f.10.1021/ja900025f
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. [30] M. Oishi, J. Nakaogami, T. Ishii, and Y. Nagasaki, “Smart PEGylated gold nanoparticles for the cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA to induce enhanced gene silencing”, Chem. Lett., Vol. 35, 1046-1047, 2006. DOI: 10.1246/cl.2006.104610.1246/cl.2006.1046
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. [31] W.J. Song, J.Z. Du, T.M. Sun, P.Z. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Gold nanoparticles capped with polyethyleneimine for enhanced siRNA delivery”, Small, Vol. 6(2), 239-246, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/smll.20090151310.1002/smll.20090151319924738
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. [32] J.L. Elechiguerra, J.L. Burt, J.R. Morones, A. Camacho-Bragado, X. Gao, H.H. Lara, and M.J. Yacaman, “Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1”, J. Nanobiotechnology., 3, 6, 2005. DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-3-610.1186/1477-3155-3-6119021215987516
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. [33] S. Pal, Y.K. Tak, and J.M. Song, “Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the size of the nanoparticle? A study of the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli”, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 73, 1712, 2007. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02218-0610.1128/AEM.02218-06182879517261510
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. [34] S. Agnihotri, S. Mukherji, and S. Mukherji, “Size controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range of 5-100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficiacy”, RSC Adv., Vol. 4, 3974-3983, 2014. DOI: 10.1039/C3RA44507K10.1039/C3RA44507K
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. [35] A.J. Kora, R.B. Sashidhar, and J. Arunachalam, “Gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): a template for the green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles with the antibacterial application”, Carbohydrate Polymers., Vol. 82, 670-679, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.03410.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.034
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. [36] M.H. El-Rafie, M.E. El-Nagger, M.A. Ramadan, M.M.G. Fouda, S.S. Al Deyab, and A. Hebeish, “Environmental synthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroxypropyl starch and their characterization”, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 86, 630-635, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.08810.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.088
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. [37] A.M. Fayaz, K. Balaji, P.T. Kalaichelvan, and R. Venkatesan, “Fungal based synthesis of silver nanoparticles-an effect of temperature on the size of nanoparticles”, Colloids Surf. B.: Biointerfaces., Vol. 74, 123-126, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.00210.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.00219674875
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. [38] N. Ahmad, and S. Sharma, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of Ananas comosus”, Green & Sustainable Chemistry, Vol. 2, 141-147, 2012. DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2012.2402010.4236/gsc.2012.24020
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. [39] A.M. Awwad, N.M. and Salem, O.A. “Abdeen, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using carob leaf extract and its antibacterial activity”, Int. J. of Indust. Chem., Vol. 4, 29, 2013. DOI:10.1186/2228-5547-4-2910.1186/2228-5547-4-29
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. [40] A.M. Awwad, and N.M. Salem, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Mulberry leaves extract”, J. Nanosci. & Nanotech., Vol. 2(4), 125-128, 2012. DOI: 10.5923/j.nn.20120204.0610.5923/j.nn.20120204.06
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. [41] K.S. Prasad, D. Pathak, A. Patel, P. Dalwadi, R. Prasad, P. Patel, and K. Selvaraj, “Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nicotiana tobaccum leaf extract and study of their antibacterial effect”, Afr. J. Biotechnol., Vol. 10, 8122-8130, 2010. DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.39410.5897/AJB11.394
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. [42] J. Umashankar, D. Inbakandam, T.T. Ajithkimar, and T. Balasubramania, “Mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk, 1804) mediated one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens”, Bio. Med. Central., Vol. 8, 11, 2012. DOI: 10.1186%2F2046-9063-8-11
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. [43] M. Amin, F. Anwar, M.R. Janjua, M.A. Iqbal, and U. Rashid, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through reduction with Solanum xanthocarpum L. berry extract: characterization, antimicrobial, and urease inhibitory activities against Helicobacter pylori”, Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 13(8), 9923-9941, 2012. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089923.10.3390/ijms13089923
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. [44] K. Murugan, B. Senthilkumar, D. Senbagam, and S. Al-Sohailbani, “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia leucophloea extract and their antibacterial activity”, Int. J. Nanomedicine, Vol. 9, 2431-2438, 2014. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S61779.10.2147/IJN.S61779
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. [45] N. Sanchooli, S. Saeidi, H.K. Barani, and E. Sanchooli, “In vitro antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Verbena officinalis leaf extract on Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio cholera, and Listeria monocytogenes”, Iran J Microbiol., Vol. 10(6), 400–408, 2018. PMCID: PMC6414745
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. [46] A. Gupta, A.R. Koirala, B. Joshi, S. Khanal, B. Gupta, and N. Parajuli, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Taraxacum officinale and their antimicrobial activities”, Adv. Sci. Eng. Med., Vol. 9(3), 221-228, 2017. DOI: 10.1166/asem.2017.198310.1166/asem.2017.1983
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. [47] V.K. Dhingra, T.R. Seshadri, and S.K. “Mukerjee, Carotenoid glycosides of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn”, Indian. J. Chem., Vol. 14B, 231-232, 1976.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. [48] S. Basu, P. Maji, and J. Ganguly, “Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis”, Appl. Nanosci., Vol. 6 (1), 1-5, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0407-910.1007/s13204-015-0407-9
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. [49] N. Gogoi, P.J. Babu, C. Mahanta, and U. Bora, “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using alcoholic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and in vitro investigation of their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities”, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., Vol. 46, 463-469, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.069.10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.069
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. [50] A. Chandra, and S. Garg, “Effect of varying concentration of herbal extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf on synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its evaluation”, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 7(7), 143-147, 2015.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. [51] S. Srinivasan, K. Sujithra, U. Murgunathan, R. Murali, C. Navetha, and D. Indumathi, “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn leaf extract and their antibacterial activity”, Focus on Sciences, Vol. 3(4), 9-14, 2017. DOI: 10.21859/focsci-03041468.10.21859/focsci-03041468
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. [52] A. Rout, P.K. Jena, D. Sahoo, U.K. Parida, and B.K. Bindhani, “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial activity against burn wounds contaminating bacteria”, Int. J. Nanosci., Vol. 13(2), 1450010, 2014. DOI:10.1142/S0219581X1450010010.1142/S0219581X14500100
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. [53] M. Sastry, K.S. Mayya, and K. Bandyopadhyay, “pH Dependent changes in the optical properties of carboxylic acid derivatized silver colloidal particles”, Colloid Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp., Vol. 127, 221-228, 1997. DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(97)00087-310.1016/S0927-7757(97)00087-3
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. [54] K.G. Stamplecoskie, and J.C. Scaiano, “Light emitting diode irradiation can control the morphology and optical properties of silver nanoparticles”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 132(6), 1825-1827, 2010. DOI: 10.1021/ja910010b10.1021/ja910010b20102152
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. [55] V.K. Vidhu, S.A. Aromal, and D. Philip, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Macrotyloma uniflorum”, Spectrochim Acta A Biomol Spectros, Vol. 83(1), 392, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.08.051.10.1016/j.saa.2011.08.05121920808
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. [56] R.W. Raut, N.S. Kolekar, J.R. Lakkula, V.D. Mendhulkar, and S.B. Kashid, “Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried leaves of Pongamia pinnata (L) pierre”, Nano-Micro Letters., Vol. 2(2), 106-113, 2010. DOI: 10.5101/nml.v2i2.p106-11310.1007/BF03353627
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. [57] G. Li, D. He, Y. Qian, B. Guan, S. Gao, Y. Cui, K. Yokoyama, and L. Wang, “Fungus-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus terreus”, Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 13(1), 466-476, 2012. DOI: 10.3390%2Fijms1301046610.3390/ijms13010466326969822312264
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. [58] T. Theivasanthi, and M. Alagar, “Electrolytic synthesis and characterization of silver nanopowder”, Nano Biomed. Eng., Vol. 4, 58-65, 2012. DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v4i2.p58-6510.5101/nbe.v4i2.p58-65
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  59. [59] K. Shameli, M.B. Ahmad, E.A.J. Al-Mulla, N.A. Ibrahim, P. Shabanzadeh, A. Rustaiyan, Y. Abdollahi, S. Bagheri, S. Abdolmohammadi, M.S. Usman, and M. Zidan, “Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extraction”, Molecules, Vol. 17(7), 8506-8517, 2012. DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078506.10.3390/molecules17078506626899322801364
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  60. [60] K. Shameli, M.B. Ahmad, S.D. Jazayeri, P. Shabanzadeh, P. Sangpour, S. Jahangirian, and Y. Gharayebi, “Investigation of antibacterial properties silver nanoparticles prepared via the green method”, Chem. Cent. J., Vol. 6, 73, 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-7310.1186/1752-153X-6-73352257022839208
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  61. [61] T. Theivasanthi, and M. Alagar, “Nano sized copper particles by electrolytic synthesis and characterization”, Int. J. Phys. Sci., Vol. 6(15), 3662-3671, 2011. DOI: 10.5897/IJPS10.116
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2576-6732
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 35 - 42
Published on: Feb 24, 2020
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Silver nanoparticles,
separation mode,
precipitation,
uniform,
plant extract
Related subjects:
Chemistry,
Sustainable and green chemistry,
Catalysis,
Chemistry, other

© 2020 Aakash Gupta, Agni Raj Koirala, Bikash Gupta, Niranjan Parajuli, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 3 (2019): Issue 1 (June 2019)