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A Review on Chitosan-Based Nanovaccines Against Newcastle Disease in Poultry Cover

A Review on Chitosan-Based Nanovaccines Against Newcastle Disease in Poultry

Annals of Animal Science
Volume 26 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)
By: Zohaib Saeed,  Muqadas,  Rao Zahid Abbas and  Muhammad Abdullah Qureshi  
Open Access
|Jan 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Mechanism of action of chitosan NPs to produce an immune response
Mechanism of action of chitosan NPs to produce an immune response

Figure 2.

Simple methods of modification of chitosan to get various types of chitosan derivatives
Simple methods of modification of chitosan to get various types of chitosan derivatives

Chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based vaccines

Type of chitosanPhysicochemical propertiesAntiviral effectsType of animalDose rateParameters testedReferences
1234567
ChitosanSize: 0.5–2 mm Shape: sphericalAgainst genotypes II and VII: MW881875 and MW881876African green monkeys62 µg/mlCC50: 27.41±12.63 µg/ml, no antiviral activity(Alkhalefa et al., 2022)
Propolis and chitosanSize: 0.5–2 mm Shape: round-do-African green monkeys30 µg/mlCC50: 231.78± 11.46 µg/ml, better antiviral activity than chitosan alone(Alkhalefa et al., 2022)
6-deoxy-6-bromo- N-phthaloyl chitosan–Newcastle disease virusAfrican green monkeys -–HI titer to virus becomes zero, TNF-α and IFN-β produce immunity(He et al., 2021)
β-chitosanMolecular weight: 3–6 kDaAgainst NDVSPF chickens5743 g/molProduction of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-α IFN-β and TLR-7 Better antiviral activity than α chitosan(He et al., 2016)
N-2 HTAC and N, O carboxymethyl chitosan NPsSize: 309.7 nm, shape: spherical, ZP: +49.9 mVpVAX I-f(o)SPF chickensIntranasal 200 µg 2Greater IgG Secretory IgA Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ(Zhao et al., 2018)
N-2 HTAC and N, O carboxymethyl chitosan NPsSize: 252.2 nm, shape: spherical, zeta potential: +41.1 mV, deacetylation: 85%Attenuated live NDVSPF chickensOral/intranasal 107.5 EID50 of the virus 1High titers of serum antibody Lymphocyte proliferation, Greater IL-2, IL-4 and IFN- γ Negligible clinical signs and mortality(Jin et al., 2017)
N-2 HTAC chitosan NPsSize: 303.8 nm, shape: spherical, zeta potential: +45.7 mV, deacetylation: 85%, molecular weight: 71.3 kDaAttenuated live NDVSPF chickensOral/intranasal 107.12 EID50 of virus 1Complete protection that is enhanced cell-mediated and humoral immune response as compared to commercially available live attenuated vaccine(Zhao et al., 2016)
O-2’ HTAC chitosan NPsSize: 303.5 nm, shape: spherical, zeta potential: +46.3 mV, deacetylation: 85%Attenuated live NDVSPF chickensIntranasal/oral 1Complete protection that is enhanced cell-mediated and humoral immune response as compared to commercially available live attenuated vaccine(Dai et al., 2015)
Chitosan NPsSize: 199.5 nm, shape: spherical, zeta potential: +12.1 mV, deacetylation: 80% and 71.3 kDaF gene plasmid DNASPF chickensIntranasal 200 mcg 2Greater IgG Secretory IgA Lymphocyte proliferation No clinical sign and symptoms, no mortality(Zhao et al., 2014)
Chitosan NPsSize: 371.1 nm, shape: spherical, zeta potential: +2.8 mV, deacetylation: 80% and 71.3 kDaLentogenic live NDVSPF chickensIntranasal/oral 1Greater serum HI Secretory IgA Lymphocyte proliferation No clinical sign and symptoms, no mortality(Zhao et al., 2012)
Chitosandeacetylation: 70–95%Live NDVSPF white leghornOculo-nasal 106 EID50 of virus 1Increased cellular immune response and negligible systemic and mucosal antibody response(Rauw et al., 2010 a)
ChitosanN/ALive NDVIsa brown layerOculo-nasal 106, EID50 of virus 1Higher mucosal and cellular immune response negligible morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding(Rauw et al., 2010 b)
Chitosan NPsSize: 90.26 nm, shape: regular roundNDV solutionDay-old broiler chicksIntranasal, 107.5 EID50 of virus 2Better immune responses as compared to the La Sota strain (live NDV)
O-2’ HTAC chitosan NPsSize: 202.3±.52 nm, zeta potential: 50.8±8.21 mV, shape: sphericalF gene plasmid DNADay-old SPF chickensIntranasalIncreased immune levels of cellular, humoral, and mucosal responses, increased lymphocyte proliferation, proliferation of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ(Zhao et al., 2021)
O-2’ HTAC chitosan NPs-do-F gene plasmid DNASPF chickensIntramuscularShorter immune protection and less secretory IgA production compared to intranasal administration(Zhao et al., 2021)
N-2 HTAC and N, O carboxymethyl chitosan NPsSize: 251.8 and 122.4 nm, Shape: spherical zeta potential: 46.6 and 53.2 mVCombination of NDV and infectious bronchitis virusSPF chickensIntranasal EID50 of virus 107.4, 105.5 IntranasalComplete protection in terms of more lymphocyte proliferation, IgG, IgA antibodies, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4(Zhao et al., 2017)
N-2 hydroxypropyl dimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan NPsSize: 252.2±32.68 nm, zeta potential: 41.1±.089 mV, Size: spherical, deacetylation: 85%Attenuated live NDV/Lasota strainSPF chickensIntranasal0% mortality and 100% protection, more IgA and HI titer, produce systemic immunity, Th type I cellular immune response, higher IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ(Jin et al., 2017)
N-2 hydroxypropyl dimethyl ammonium chloride-do--do-SPF chickensOral10% mortality and 90% protection, higher IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ(Jin et al., 2017)
N-2 hydroxypropyl dimethyl ammonium chloride-do--do-SPF chickensAfter storing 3 months of intranasal0% mortality and 100% protection, higher IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ(Jin et al., 2017)
Sulfate chitosan NPsSize: 156.2±9.29 nm, zeta potential: 17.8±2.65 mV, deacetylation: 86%Inactivated NDVWhite leghorn chickens (SPF)N/A100% mortality and 0% protection(Yang et al., 2020)
HTAC chitosan NPsSize: 320.03±.84 nm, zeta potential: +18.3±.5 mV, deacetylation: 86%-do-SPF chickensN/A0% mortality and 100% protection, higher cellular immunity level(Yang et al., 2020)
Chitosan NPsSize: 343.43±4.12, zeta potential: +19.67±.58 mV, deacetylation: 86%-do-SPF chickensN/A0% mortality and 100% protection higher cellular immunity level(Yang et al., 2020)
Chitosan NPsSize 196 nm, zeta potential: +13.6–23.5 mVThe inactivated antigen of NDVSPF chickensEye dropAfter up to 3 weeks of inoculation, no clinical signs were observed(Mohammadi et al., 2021 b)
Chitosan microspheresSize: 2 µm shape: spheres 10 kDa, deacetylation: 90.8%Inactivated subunit antigen of NDVSPF chickensSubcut 1Provide 40–60% protection, IL-1(Park et al., 2004)
Chitosan microspheres-do-Whole virionSPF chickensSubcut 1Produce the highest titer for antibodies and all chickens survived(Park et al., 2004)
Homokinin-1 adjuvant with NDV chitosan NPs–Inactivated NDVSPF chickensEye drop 1Pronounced HI titer, Produce specific humoral and cellular immune response, better immune response than NPs adjuvant NDV(Mohammadi et al., 2021 a)
Chitosan-calcium phosphate-NDV–Inactivated NDVCommercial chickensIntranasal, 3Less humoral immunity in broilers as compared to layers(Volkova et al., 2014)

Outbreaks of ND in various regions of the world

PlaceYearRemarksReferences
Western Isles of Scotland1898100% mortality of domestic fowl(Dzogbema et al., 2021)
Newcastle town of England and in Java (Island of Indonesia)1926N/A(Dharmayanti et al., 2024)
South Africa1945Caused the death of 1 lac fowls(Abolnik, 2017)
Ethiopia1971Up to 80% mortality(Dzogbema et al., 2021)
3rd Panzootic1968–1972Velogenic strains caused up to 100% mortality(Rehan et al., 2019)
Started from the Middle EastFrom 1980 onwardsHigh mortality(Brown and Bevins, 2017)
Southern England2005Low mortality(Alexander, 2011)
Punjab, Pakistan2011–2012Mortality of 45 billion broilers poses a 6 billion PKR loss(Hussain et al., 2015)
Jallo Wildlife Park, Lahore, Pakistan2012Resulted in the death of 190 peacocks(Rehan et al., 2019)
60 countries on average2013–2015N/A(Rehan et al., 2019)
MoscowAugust 2022An outbreak in the backyard poultry killed 45 birds(Rtishchev et al., 2023)
PolandJuly 2023On July 12, the first report showed the slaughter of 43,000 hens. On July 24, a report showed outbreaks on three premises, one in backyard poultry with 81 birds, and 2 on commercial farms involving 3210 and 28,500 birds.(Haddas, 2023)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0027 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
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Language: English
Page range: 107 - 116
Submitted on: Jun 30, 2024
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Accepted on: Feb 13, 2025
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Published on: Jan 30, 2026
Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Keywords:
nanoparticle,
chitosan,
adjuvant,
chitosan derivative,
Newcastle disease,
immunity,
poultry
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Biotechnology,
Zoology,
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2026 Zohaib Saeed, Muqadas, Rao Zahid Abbas, Muhammad Abdullah Qureshi, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

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