Chemical composition of the ingredients
| Crude protein (%) | Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) | Crude fiber (%) | Fat (%) | Calcium (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sorghum | 8.7 | 3345 | 2.32 | 3.01 | 0.051 |
| Wheat bran | 15 | 1340 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 0.15 |
| Wheat middlings | 16 | 2540 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 0.07 |
| Corn silk meal | 12.51 | 2550 | 9.5 | 2.23 | 0.31 |
| Olive cake meal | 8.2 | 3675 | 11.55 | 17.8 | 0.021 |
| Cumin seed meal | 16 | 2900 | 20.9 | 2.19 | 0.43 |
| Canola meal | 36.5 | 2050 | 11.6 | 3.6 | 0.67 |
| Peanut meal | 23 | 3670 | 11.4 | 21 | 0.1 |
| Linseed meal | 36 | 1850 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 0.2 |
| Poultry fat | – | 9150 | – | – | – |
| Rice bran oil | – | 8954 | – | – | – |
| Eggshell meal | – | – | – | – | 43.16 |
Feed ingredients and alternatives of soybean meal in poultry diets
| Ingredient | Level (%) | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Sorghum | Substituting 50% sorghum for maize | Did not yield any notable impact on the weights of the muscles and organs | Torres et al. (2013) |
| Sorghum | 50% yellow maize with sorghum | Could enhance broiler performance, regulate plasma content of lipids, and improve mRNA expression linked to growth and antioxidation | Saleh et al. (2013) |
| Wheat bran | 15% wheat bran | Xylanase supplementation is advised in broiler diets | Leeson and Summers (2005) |
| Wheat bran | 15% wheat bran | Should be advised to not exceed 15% in diets | Zimonja et al. (2007) |
| Wheat middlings (WM) | 4% of WM | Broiler performance could be increased with this level | Tufarelli et al. (2011) |
| Wheat middlings | 10% of WM | Performance was increased because WM contain elevated levels of protein and amino acids | Gheisarie et al. (2003); El-Gendy et al. (2023) |
| Corn silk meal (CSM) | 15% CSM | Incorporating hens' diets with CSM could potentially contribute to the reduction of production expenses, enhancement of health status | Kirrella et al. (2021) |
| Corn silk meal | 4% and 8% CS | Incorporating CS in broiler diets, supporting the previous findings | Kirrella et al. (2021) |
| Olive cake meal (OCM) | 15% | Adding OCM to broiler diets up to 15% g yielded no adverse effects on performance. | Sayehban et al. (2020) |
| Olive cake meal | 10% OCM | Feeding pigeons on diets containing OCM resulted in a good live weight | Al-Harthi and Attia (2015) |
| Olive cake meal | 4% | Incorporating OCM by-products into hen diets boosted the serum levels of total protein, albumin, HDL, and HDL/LDL ratio which was associated with lower levels of LDL. | Cayan and Erener (2015) |
| Cumin seed meal | 2.5 or 5 % | Dietary inclusion of cumin seed meal in hen diets increased egg weight and FCR but had little effect on body weight or feed consumption | Mansoori et al. (2006) |
| Canola meal (CM) | 5–10% | Canola meal can therefore be added to chicken diets up to 5–8% and can be increased to 10% in broiler diets | Leeson and Summers (2005); Aljubori et al. (2017) |
| Canola meal | 20% | Soybean meal can be replaced by CM at levels up to 20% of the total diet without affecting carcass yield, composition of meat or the instrumental or sensory characteristics of the meat of broilers | Gopinger et al. (2014) |
| Peanut (groundnut) meal | 5–15% | Feeding birds a 5% peanut pod increased carcass weight and decreased stomach fat pad | Sarbaz et al. (2018); Diaw et al. (2010); Ghadge et al. (2009) |
| Linseed meal | 10% from hatch to 21 d of age | Increased relative weights of carcass and breast in broiler chickens | Pekel et al. (2009) |
| Poultry fat | 50% PF | When 50% PF was utilized in place of soybean oil, no variations in performance metrics were found in the literature | Hu et al. (2019) |
| Rice bran oil | 4% | Improved boom performance, prolonged immunological response, and decreased LDL cholesterol in broilers | Purushothaman et al. (2005); Kang and Kim (2016); Zaki et al. (2023) |