From Traditional Industry to Smart Regional Specialisation: Textile Industry Transformation in the Łódź Region

Aleksandra Nowakowska; Jagoda Jóźwik-Pruska; Longina Madej-Kiełbik; Karolina Gzyra-Jagieła

doi:10.2478/ftee-2024-0004

Figures & Tables

Value of EU Textile Output in 2020 (million Euro) (Source: EUROSTAT 2022 [17])

Technological trends in the textile industry

Share of textile company websites in relation to advanced technologies [20]

Growth of E.coli bacteria after modification of bio-nonwoven (own elaboration)

SEM images of the modified nonwoven. (own elaboration mag. 1500x)

SEM images of the melt blown nonwoven (own elaboration)

Businesses in the textile industry in the Łódź voivodeship [61]

Average annual salaries (in PLN) in the textile industry (Source: own compilation based on BDL data)

Textile industry concentration in the Łódź region between 2011 and 2020 (Source: own compilation based on data from Statistics Poland)

Dynamics of changes in the textile industry in Poland – basic data Sources: author’s own compilation based on data of Statistics Poland

	2005	2010	2015	2020	2021
Sold production of the textile industry (in millions of PLN)	7680	8161	12440	16188	18564
Financial result of industrial enterprises by ownership (in millions of PLN)	147.7	348.6	597.8	835.5	927.2
Employed persons (in thousands)	-	53.2	53.8	54.9	56.0
Average paid employment indices in the industry (previous year = 100)	-	-	105.2	95.3	102.7
Labour productivity in the industry, measured by the gross value added per paid employee (in thousands)	-	-	86.9	106.7	115.9
Average monthly gross wages and salaries in the industry by ownership (in PLN)	1585	2180	2709	3875	4276
Average monthly gross wages and salaries indices in the industry (previous year = 100)	-	-	104.6	107.0	110.4
Investment outlay indices in the industry	-	-	106.8	70.2	103.4
Industry exports (in millions of PLN)	-	6115.3	9456.2	14027.1	16358.1

International standards and guidelines for testing biodegradability

Standard	Title	Environment	Ref.
OECD 301 B	CO2 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test)	aqueous medium	38
ISO 9439	Water quality — Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — Carbon dioxide evolution test	aqueous medium	39
ISO 14852	Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide	Activated sludge	40
ISO 14851	Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer	aqueous medium	41
ADTM D5338	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, incorporating thermophilic temperatures	compost	42
ISO 14855	Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions — Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test	compost	43
EN 14046	Evaluation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of packaging materials under controlled composting conditions - Method by analysis of released carbon dioxide	compost	44
EN 13432	Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging	compost	45
ASTM D6400	Standard specification for labelling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities	compost	46
ISO 17556	Plastics — Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in soil by measuring the oxygen demand in a respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved	soil	47
DIN EN ISO 11721-1	Textiles — Determination of resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to micro-organisms — Soil burial test — Part 1: Assessment of rot-retardant finishing	Soil	48
DIN EN ISO 846	Plastics — Evaluation of the action of microorganisms	fungi and bacteria and soil microorganisms	49
ISO 21701	Textiles —Test method for accelerated hydrolysis of textile materials and biodegradation under controlled composting conditions of the resulting hydrolysate	compost	50
ISO 17088	Specifications for compostable plastics	compost	51

Innovation ideas and technologies according to trends identified in the EU Report 2020, Source: Technopolis Group based on text-mining company websites [20]

Technological trends	Innovation
Advanced Materials	antibacterial, antiviral function materials from biobased source polymer biodegradation/composting surface modification composite materials recycling drug delivery new structure
Nano-technology	antimicrobial UV-blocking antistatic flame retardant water and oil repellent, wrinkle-resistant self-cleaning properties photonic technologies optical fibres and LEDs
Integrating the Internet and electronics	electro-textiles for sensing/monitoring body functions delivering communication facilities data transfer individual environment control
3D printing	innovative structure composite materials
Artificial Intelligence	detect visual defects measure wrinkles in fabric machine learning to identify previously hidden patterns from raw data to help businesses improve efficiency and maintenance machine learning to optimise inventory and supply chain management AI-based yarn fibres for new design prototypes and materials AI algorithms to track consumer behaviour

From Traditional Industry to Smart Regional Specialisation: Textile Industry Transformation in the Łódź Region

Figures & Tables

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Dynamics of changes in the textile industry in Poland – basic data Sources: author’s own compilation based on data of Statistics Poland

International standards and guidelines for testing biodegradability

Innovation ideas and technologies according to trends identified in the EU Report 2020, Source: Technopolis Group based on text-mining company websites [20]

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