Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3
![Stem layer for EfficientNet-B1 [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65c7b829c8e7241308659c52/j_ijmce-2024-0005_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2Y7WIZC%2F20260305%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260305T233719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEA4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCvkutjJqAI%2BOtw%2FVa7CPrK2sgqSovc7QTqwFBXJ5VjlwIhAJcpa0Gf%2B9CJ7fm1UmJI%2FR7PIp1pjxGx4E7NuGCLwUO5KsYFCNf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyy3tRNoypwe8WkTQoqmgV1yJ8eHHP4VzrhebJ9hYS2Eid%2BY0TfKLydMNNFx4eM2k9ABC7YfxGDjDY3aPYLflIGrci6Ltu24CNc1CjDn99c2Mpx5QpFUoUbZ2eiq1TaihBPTjY0K%2FP04XI9XR8AYZFXkXfb%2BQI3Q%2BFmHyAsoEjxk2OmA0IvrkQDYxXleGrecM4t2GgjPQyu7AlffpLAOhMdiWJa59nZT7rLDYDbedvSFDNQsXAm9UIyn%2ByAwVwupg2vGo0D6tETkE8sCYmbn5sAKg5MJUnVD59%2FmgGrcbwDQk4xBvwGeU94ssoMZHMMBwYzre7lCDS65GrTXdJKMev6j1OeA5u4SVSKKzfIwVnISCxnqLHiq211H3Oe4jE%2FbO615VWuSVcHLMCckjS8qIviJ2e966IJ%2BaGGp8%2BVVDIXGNkcWDu6jmO3yxtBvCv0G5vTXNE%2BOcjYPnXXluCTCylmk5sChNJ43k%2BSwZjGRa2y%2BFGBy2VjSqWwuGCCdrnJ7dv%2FyEuR0iU5Hkp7cZqur1o9xJ2Dk5RPP9mOaF0v4vByuP8eNUGsg%2F%2BKCQuZsi145n8D2srQo0j%2BGQ6VCLKV35r3sjvCuqLYowJ4he9fisObDFCKLYuAqc%2FKK5Gye6DywQAbHq6QAtEk%2BaTnkemGBKfXA%2BizLqdpW9DeVYYosVdqwDY0J0Gru97MT3iWIf7PeEXE1pVBYuSb9qh8LK35iOUM84DYhGfYDNufvNo6lc4jjrivd6TSv24hdrjzUp%2FZH4pGBt%2Bd4dCI6Fe3UyT1EtBtd0%2BRz4dE7uwPH%2Fzt3Cihg%2FxjIA9BdLVMVgziH4yB4XsvQUyIyOI%2B122NyLVul8lsNHvylytrlrnkWY%2FplwlDZ26S2nrc20OxX3G4m02GjMPY7kdjAnxp5w0w1fWnzQY6sAFnVzZpAPfXiLGX2nc%2FW17F800C2zoPEAmUhnZsVZ%2BMiFokhis75RPmIoScfPjHfas9YCqKZ0vW6SXatMdvWNbCX6w9x36rsq86tmOUSZMwDP3s%2B1NW9wvht95zVk3fQ%2FPtK%2F8QnIL2jW1dW79W2EfGnn6Idiw%2B%2FqKEpcPFlD2Ytmd3bDFbln1UcNodNNjSiLOQfKPoIELVteGNz7VeKquRJds05MHc3GhcnvGyxrjn1Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4db2bca6ae7a97ae834908461331e31be2cb18d3bf4541fce7197b62492423fe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4
![Architecture for EfficientNet-B1 [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65c7b829c8e7241308659c52/j_ijmce-2024-0005_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2Y7WIZC%2F20260305%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260305T233719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEA4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCvkutjJqAI%2BOtw%2FVa7CPrK2sgqSovc7QTqwFBXJ5VjlwIhAJcpa0Gf%2B9CJ7fm1UmJI%2FR7PIp1pjxGx4E7NuGCLwUO5KsYFCNf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyy3tRNoypwe8WkTQoqmgV1yJ8eHHP4VzrhebJ9hYS2Eid%2BY0TfKLydMNNFx4eM2k9ABC7YfxGDjDY3aPYLflIGrci6Ltu24CNc1CjDn99c2Mpx5QpFUoUbZ2eiq1TaihBPTjY0K%2FP04XI9XR8AYZFXkXfb%2BQI3Q%2BFmHyAsoEjxk2OmA0IvrkQDYxXleGrecM4t2GgjPQyu7AlffpLAOhMdiWJa59nZT7rLDYDbedvSFDNQsXAm9UIyn%2ByAwVwupg2vGo0D6tETkE8sCYmbn5sAKg5MJUnVD59%2FmgGrcbwDQk4xBvwGeU94ssoMZHMMBwYzre7lCDS65GrTXdJKMev6j1OeA5u4SVSKKzfIwVnISCxnqLHiq211H3Oe4jE%2FbO615VWuSVcHLMCckjS8qIviJ2e966IJ%2BaGGp8%2BVVDIXGNkcWDu6jmO3yxtBvCv0G5vTXNE%2BOcjYPnXXluCTCylmk5sChNJ43k%2BSwZjGRa2y%2BFGBy2VjSqWwuGCCdrnJ7dv%2FyEuR0iU5Hkp7cZqur1o9xJ2Dk5RPP9mOaF0v4vByuP8eNUGsg%2F%2BKCQuZsi145n8D2srQo0j%2BGQ6VCLKV35r3sjvCuqLYowJ4he9fisObDFCKLYuAqc%2FKK5Gye6DywQAbHq6QAtEk%2BaTnkemGBKfXA%2BizLqdpW9DeVYYosVdqwDY0J0Gru97MT3iWIf7PeEXE1pVBYuSb9qh8LK35iOUM84DYhGfYDNufvNo6lc4jjrivd6TSv24hdrjzUp%2FZH4pGBt%2Bd4dCI6Fe3UyT1EtBtd0%2BRz4dE7uwPH%2Fzt3Cihg%2FxjIA9BdLVMVgziH4yB4XsvQUyIyOI%2B122NyLVul8lsNHvylytrlrnkWY%2FplwlDZ26S2nrc20OxX3G4m02GjMPY7kdjAnxp5w0w1fWnzQY6sAFnVzZpAPfXiLGX2nc%2FW17F800C2zoPEAmUhnZsVZ%2BMiFokhis75RPmIoScfPjHfas9YCqKZ0vW6SXatMdvWNbCX6w9x36rsq86tmOUSZMwDP3s%2B1NW9wvht95zVk3fQ%2FPtK%2F8QnIL2jW1dW79W2EfGnn6Idiw%2B%2FqKEpcPFlD2Ytmd3bDFbln1UcNodNNjSiLOQfKPoIELVteGNz7VeKquRJds05MHc3GhcnvGyxrjn1Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=648fd78d87ff2e3663e2cf650f1e3671e1ddfaf6afefaf310344d6cc1f74aa5a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5
![Modules for EfficientNet-B1 [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65c7b829c8e7241308659c52/j_ijmce-2024-0005_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2Y7WIZC%2F20260305%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260305T233719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEA4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCvkutjJqAI%2BOtw%2FVa7CPrK2sgqSovc7QTqwFBXJ5VjlwIhAJcpa0Gf%2B9CJ7fm1UmJI%2FR7PIp1pjxGx4E7NuGCLwUO5KsYFCNf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyy3tRNoypwe8WkTQoqmgV1yJ8eHHP4VzrhebJ9hYS2Eid%2BY0TfKLydMNNFx4eM2k9ABC7YfxGDjDY3aPYLflIGrci6Ltu24CNc1CjDn99c2Mpx5QpFUoUbZ2eiq1TaihBPTjY0K%2FP04XI9XR8AYZFXkXfb%2BQI3Q%2BFmHyAsoEjxk2OmA0IvrkQDYxXleGrecM4t2GgjPQyu7AlffpLAOhMdiWJa59nZT7rLDYDbedvSFDNQsXAm9UIyn%2ByAwVwupg2vGo0D6tETkE8sCYmbn5sAKg5MJUnVD59%2FmgGrcbwDQk4xBvwGeU94ssoMZHMMBwYzre7lCDS65GrTXdJKMev6j1OeA5u4SVSKKzfIwVnISCxnqLHiq211H3Oe4jE%2FbO615VWuSVcHLMCckjS8qIviJ2e966IJ%2BaGGp8%2BVVDIXGNkcWDu6jmO3yxtBvCv0G5vTXNE%2BOcjYPnXXluCTCylmk5sChNJ43k%2BSwZjGRa2y%2BFGBy2VjSqWwuGCCdrnJ7dv%2FyEuR0iU5Hkp7cZqur1o9xJ2Dk5RPP9mOaF0v4vByuP8eNUGsg%2F%2BKCQuZsi145n8D2srQo0j%2BGQ6VCLKV35r3sjvCuqLYowJ4he9fisObDFCKLYuAqc%2FKK5Gye6DywQAbHq6QAtEk%2BaTnkemGBKfXA%2BizLqdpW9DeVYYosVdqwDY0J0Gru97MT3iWIf7PeEXE1pVBYuSb9qh8LK35iOUM84DYhGfYDNufvNo6lc4jjrivd6TSv24hdrjzUp%2FZH4pGBt%2Bd4dCI6Fe3UyT1EtBtd0%2BRz4dE7uwPH%2Fzt3Cihg%2FxjIA9BdLVMVgziH4yB4XsvQUyIyOI%2B122NyLVul8lsNHvylytrlrnkWY%2FplwlDZ26S2nrc20OxX3G4m02GjMPY7kdjAnxp5w0w1fWnzQY6sAFnVzZpAPfXiLGX2nc%2FW17F800C2zoPEAmUhnZsVZ%2BMiFokhis75RPmIoScfPjHfas9YCqKZ0vW6SXatMdvWNbCX6w9x36rsq86tmOUSZMwDP3s%2B1NW9wvht95zVk3fQ%2FPtK%2F8QnIL2jW1dW79W2EfGnn6Idiw%2B%2FqKEpcPFlD2Ytmd3bDFbln1UcNodNNjSiLOQfKPoIELVteGNz7VeKquRJds05MHc3GhcnvGyxrjn1Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=d5dcb22c672fcde314344646632930cdec479ca94cf9bee8176bf833c6caa12a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Classification report for fine-tuned EfficientNetB1_
| Label | Precision | Recall | F1-score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Male) | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
| 0 (Female) | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
Classification report for CNN model built from scratch_
| Label | Precision | Recall | F1-score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Male) | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
| 0 (Female) | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 |