A review on fuzzy fractional order modeling in health systems with application to cardiovascular disease
References
- World Health Organization, Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds), Accessed: July 31, 2025.
- World Health Organization, Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2025, ISBN: 978-92-4010577-5, 2025.
- Thygesen K., et al., Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(18), 2231–2264, 2018.
- Libby P., Ridker P.M., Maseri A., Inflammation and atherosclerosis, Circulation, 105(9), 1135–1143, 2002.
- Yusuf S., et al., Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, The Lancet, 364(9438), 937–952, 2004.
- Roth G.A., et al., Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021, 2020.
- Liu F., Pan H.W., Li Y.Y., Zhao X.J., Hong X.Q., Liu Z.Y., You Y.Y., Trends analysis of the global burden of hypertensive heart disease from 1990 to 2021: a population-based study, BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2233, 2025.
- National Cholesterol Education Program, Third report of the NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report, Circulation, 106(25), 3143–3421, 2002.
- Anand A., Kumar A., Kamolika, Bhardwaj H., Mammen M.V., A review on cardiovascular diseases: advances and challenges in prevention and treatment, Vascular and Endovascular Review, 8(1s), 163–169, 2025.
- Almutairi M., Almutairi A.A., Alodhialah A.M., The influence of lifestyle modifications on cardiovascular outcomes in older adults: findings from a cross-sectional study, Life, 15(1), 87, 2025.
- Salari N., et al., The global prevalence of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23(1), 206, 2023.
- Nurmohamed N.S., et al., First myocardial infarction: risk factors, symptoms, and medical therapy, European Heart Journal, 46(38), 3762–3772, 2025.
- Rosengren A., et al., Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, The Lancet, 364(9438), 953–962, 2004.
- Sharif B.O., Lafi S.Y., Common risk factors of myocardial infarction and some socio demographic characteristics in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 6(2), 136–143, 2021.
- Tian J., Venn A., Otahal P., Gall S., The association between quitting smoking and weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Obesity Reviews, 16(10), 883–901, 2015.
- Sulashvili N., Nimangre R.R., Manifestation of some aspects of cardiovascular diseases, implications, pharmacotherapeutic strategies, effects, impacts and potential hazards in general, Junior Researchers, 3(1), 1–27, 2025.
- Amsterdam E.A., et al., 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(24), e139–e228, 2014.
- O’Gara P.T., et al., 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation/American heart association task force on practice guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(4), 485–510, 2013.
- Kolh P., et al., 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 46(4), 517–592, 2014.
- Ibanez B., et al., 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation, Polish Heart Journal (Kardiologia Polska), 76(2), 229–313, 2018.
- Antman E.M., et al., ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 44(3), 671–719, 2004.
- Steg P.G., James S., 2012 ESC guidelines on acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), European Heart Journal, 33(20), 2501–2502, 2012.
- Banach M., et al., Impact of lipid-lowering combination therapy with statins and ezetimibe vs statin monotherapy on the reduction of cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 100(12), 2152–2171, 2025.
- Sydhom P., et al., The clinical effectiveness and safety of low/moderate-intensity statins and ezetimibe combination therapy vs high-intensity statin monotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 24(1), 660, 2024.
- Jones L.K., East C., Ganda O.P., Gionfriddo M.R., Adherence to lipid-lowering therapies and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of the American Heart Association, 14(17), e037530, 2025.
- McCarthy C.P., McEvoy J.W., Cluett J.L., Implementing the 2025 guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: leveraging evidence to push the boundaries of clinical care, Hypertension, 82(10), 1538–1540, 2025.
- Mehta S.J., et al., Remote blood pressure monitoring with social support for patients with hypertension: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA Network Open, 7(6), e2413515, 2024.
- Benjamin E.J., Heart disease and stroke statistics–2017 update, Circulation, 135(10), e146–e603, 2017.
- Zinman B., et al., Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes, New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), 2117–2128, 2015.
- Marso S.P., et al., Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 311–322, 2016.
- Sabatine M.S., et al., Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease, New England Journal of Medicine, 376(18), 1713–1722, 2017.
- Anderson L., et al., Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 67(1), 1–12, 2016.
- Heran B.S., et al., Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub2, 2011.
- Conroy R.M., et al., Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project, European Heart Journal, 24(11), 987–1003, 2003.
- Narula J., et al., Optimising access to care for patients with heart and kidney diseases, Global Heart, 20(1), 88, 2025.
- World Health Organization, Global Report on Hypertension: The Race Against a Silent Killer, ISBN:978-92-4-008106-2, 2023.
- Pelliccia F., et al., Predictors of mortality in myocardial infarction and nonobstructed coronary arteries, The American Journal of Medicine, 133(1), 73–83, 2020.
- Usova E.I., et al., Integrative analysis of multi-omics and genetic approaches–a new level in atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk prediction, Biomolecules, 11(11), 1597, 2021.
- Tiwari A., et al., The role of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular disease risk prediction, Current Cardiology Reviews, 21(6), e1573403X351048, 2025.
- Saba L., et al., UltraAIGenomics: artificial intelligence-based cardiovascular disease risk assessment by fusion of ultrasound-based radiomics and genomics features for preventive, personalized and precision medicine, Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 25(5), 184, 2024.
- Malozyomov B.V., et al., Analysis of a predictive mathematical model of weather changes based on neural networks, Mathematics, 12(3), 480, 2024.
- Kontoravdi C., Pistikopoulos E.N., Mantalaris A., Systematic development of predictive mathematical models for animal cell cultures, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 34(8), 1192–1198, 2010.
- Tabassum M.F., et al., Evolutionary simplex adaptive Hooke–Jeeves algorithm for economic load dispatch problem considering valve point loading effects, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 1001–1015, 2021.
- Tynchenko V.V., et al., Mathematical models for the design of GRID systems to solve resource-intensive problems, Mathematics, 12(2), 276, 2024.
- Goi Y.K., Li M., Liang Y.Y., A comprehensive review on forward osmosis mass transfer and fouling: Mathematical modeling, mechanism, prediction and optimization, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 72, 107677, 2025.
- Wang J., et al., Fractional sub-equation neural networks (fSENNs) method for exact solutions of space-time fractional partial differential equations, Chaos, 35(4), 043110, 2025.
- Zhang H., Zhang R., Liu Q., A novel multi-modal neurosymbolic reasoning intelligent algorithm for BLMP equation, Chinese Physics Letters, 42(10), 100002, 2025.
- Zhang R.F., Bilige S., Bilinear neural network method to obtain the exact analytical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations and its application to p-gBKP equation, Nonlinear Dynamics, 95(4), 3041–3048, 2019.
- Han C., Lü X., Variable coefficient-informed neural network for PDE inverse problem in fluid dynamics, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 472 (134362), 2025.
- Xie X.R., Zhang R.F., Neural network-based symbolic calculation approach for solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Chaos Solitons & Fractals, 194, 116232, 2025.
- Miao Z., Chen Y., VC-PINN: Variable coefficient physics-informed neural network for forward and inverse problems of PDEs with variable coefficient, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 456(133945), 2023.
- Zadeh L.A., Fuzzy sets, Information and Control, 8(3), 338–353, 1965.
- Zimmermann H.J., Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications, Springer Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2001.
- Klir G.J., Yuan B., Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall, USA, 1995.
- Ross T.J., Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications (3rd Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2010.
- Dumitrescu C., Ciotirnae P., Vizitiu C., Fuzzy logic for intelligent control system using soft computing applications, Sensors, 21(8), 2617, 2021.
- Eluri H., Naik M.G., Energy management system and enhancement of power quality with grid integrated micro-grid using fuzzy logic controller, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 10(2), 256–263, 2022.
- Reyna V.F., Edelson S., Hayes B., Garavito D., Supporting health and medical decision making: findings and insights from fuzzy-trace theory, Medical Decision Making, 42(6), 741–754, 2022.
- Rathore B., Gupta R., A fuzzy based hybrid decision-making framework to examine the safety risk factors of healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak, Journal of Decision Systems, 31(1–2), 68–101, 2022.
- Cheng H., Zhu L., Meng J., Fuzzy evaluation of the ecological security of land resources in mainland China based on the pressure–state–response framework, Science of the Total Environment, 804, 150053, 2022.
- Ghosh S., Küfer K.H., Roy S.K., Weber G.W., Carbon mechanism on sustainable multi-objective solid transportation problem for waste management in Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy environment, Complex & Intelligent Systems, 8(5), 4115–4143,2022.
- Moiseev N., Mikhaylov A., Dinçer H., Yüksel S., Market capitalization shock effects on open innovation models in e-commerce: Golden cut q-rung orthopair fuzzy multicriteria decision-making analysis, Financial Innovation, 9(1), 55, 2023.
- Zhao L., et al., Enhancing green economic recovery through green bonds financing and energy efficiency investments, Economic Analysis and Policy, 76,488–501, 2022.
- Singh V.P., Singh S., Fractional calculus and its applications: A comprehensive review, International Journal on Science and Technology, 16(1), 1–7, 2025.
- El-Amin M.F., Derivation of fractional-derivative models of multiphase fluid flows in porous media, Journal of King Saud University–Science, 33(2), 101346, 2021.
- Khan M., Rasheed A., Numerical study of diffusion–thermo phenomena in Darcy medium using fractional calculus, Waves in Random and Complex Media, 35(5), 8617–8634, 2025.
- Lemus-Mondaca R., Nuñez H., Jaques A., Ramírez C., Simpson R., The anomalous diffusion model based on a fractional calculus approach applied to describe the rehydration process of dried vegetal food matrices, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 44(9), e13773, 2021.
- Matias G.S., et al., A model of distributed parameters for non-Fickian diffusion in grain drying based on the fractional calculus approach, Biosystems Engineering, 226, 16–26, 2023.
- Ali Q., Younas U., Farman M., Amir M., Prabhakar fractional simulation for thermal analysis of magnetohydrodynamics flow of Oldroyd-B fluid using slip and Newtonian heating effects, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149(21), 12353–12366, 2024.
- Genovese A., Farroni F., Sakhnevych A., Fractional calculus approach to reproduce material viscoelastic behavior including time–temperature superposition, Polymers, 14(20), 4412, 2022.
- Farman M., Stability and chaos control of a fractional-order model for CO2 emissions in the environment, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 11(4), 258, 2025.
- Nisar K.S., Farman M., Abdel-Aty M., Ravichandran C., A review of fractional-order epidemic models for life sciences problems: Past, present and future, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 95, 283–305, 2024.
- Cao Y., Dharani S., Sivakumar M., Cader A., Nowicki R., Mittag–Leffler synchronization of generalized fractional order reaction-diffusion networks via impulsive control, Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 15(1), 25–36, 2025.
- Abdal S., Tabassum M.F., Shahzad A., Hybrid fractional operator for epidemic model analysis and application, Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Fractional Calculus, 1(1), 25–37, 2024.
- Shehzad A., Sambas A., Sarfraz F., Analysis and treatment impact to control the transmission dynamics of skin sores disease with novel hybrid fractional operators, Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Fractional Calculus, 2(1), 63–83, 2025.
- Yadav N.K., Sinha R.K., Kumar R., Ranjan R., An efficient numerical algorithm to solve chaotic behavior of fractional financial model using Bernstein polynomials with convergence and bifurcation analysis, Computational Economics, DOI:10.1007/s10614-025-10928-x, 2025.
- Zehra A., et al., Dynamics of 4D supply chain system with fractal fractional derivatives insight of stability analysis and ANN prediction, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 30298, 2025.
- Khan H., Alzabut J., Almutairi D.K., Applications of artificial intelligence for cluster analysis of uranium decay via fractional discrete models, Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics, 13, 101056, 2025.
- Zhou X., You Z., Sun W., Zhao D., Yan S., Fractional-order stochastic gradient descent with momentum and energy for deep neural networks, Neural Networks, 181, 106810, 2025.
- Afzal Z., Alshehri M., Fractional-order SIR model for ADHD as a neurobiological and genetic disorder, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22992, 2025.
- Talib A., et al., Modeling and stability analysis of neurological disorder under Alzheimer’s disease with novel fractional technique, Fractals, 34(2), 2540208, 2025.
- Ferrás L.L., Fractional derivatives: The ultimate operator for modelling complex viscoelastic materials?, Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis, 28, 2799–2848, 2025.
- Sun W., An Y., Gao Y., Systemic risk contagion in China’s financial-real estate network: Modeling and forecasting via fractional–order PDEs, Fractal and Fractional, 9(9), 557, 2025.
- Alderremy A.A., Gómez-Aguilar J.F., Aly S., Saad K.M., A fuzzy fractional model of coronavirus (COVID-19) and its study with Legendre spectral method, Results in Physics, 21, 103773, 2021.
- Al-Dhaifallah M., Fuzzy fractional-order PID control for heat exchanger, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 63, 11–16, 2023.
- Pakhira R., Mondal B., Thirthar A.A., Alqudah M.A., Abdeljawad T., Developing a fuzzy logic-based carbon emission cost-incorporated inventory model with memory effects, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(6), 102746, 2024.
- Dai C., Qin X.S., Lu W.T., A fuzzy fractional programming model for optimizing water footprint of crop planting and trading in the Hai River Basin, China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123196, 2021.
- Venkatesh A., et al., A fractional mathematical model for vaccinated humans with the impairment of monkeypox transmission, The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 234(8), 1891–1911, 2025.
- Subramanian S., et al., Fuzzy fractional Caputo derivative of susceptible-infectious-removed epidemic model for childhood diseases, Mathematics, 12(3), 466, 2024.
- Fatima Q., Qayyum M., Khan O., Chambashi G., Modeling Marburg virus transmission in fuzzy-fractional framework using real epidemiological data of World Health Organization, AIP Advances, 15(10), 105117, 2025.
- Qayyum M., Fatima Q., Akgül A., Hassani M.K., Modeling and analysis of dengue transmission in fuzzy-fractional framework: a hybrid residual power series approach, Scientific Reports, 14(1), 30706, 2024.
- Ali I., A fuzzy fractional stochastic epidemic model for sugarcane smut disease driven by fractional Brownian motion, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, 71(6), 8741–8765, 2025.
- Qayyum M., et al., Fuzzy and fractional analysis of cancer tumor dynamics with depression effects on chemotherapy, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 33185, 2025.
- Muhammad G., Akram M., Fuzzy fractional epidemiological model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus on complex heterogeneous network using Caputo derivative, Information Sciences, 659, 120046, 2024.
- Algolam M.S., et al., Hybrid fuzzy fractional for multi-phasic epidemics: The omicron-malaria case study, Fractal and Fractional, 9(10), 643, 2025.
- Klir G.J., Clair U.S., Yuan B., Fuzzy Set Theory: Foundations and Applications, Prentice Hall, USA, 1997.
- Allahviranloo T., Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing (Chapter: Fuzzy fractional differential operators and equations), Springer, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-51272-9, 2021.
- Mazandarani M., Xiu L., A review on fuzzy differential equations, IEEE Access, 9, 62195–62211, 2021.
- Chakraverty S., Tapaswini S., Behera D., Fuzzy Arbitrary Order System: Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2016.
- Logambal M., Padmasekaran S., Dickson S., Evaluation of the stability of heart disease mathematical model: The impact of heart attack and chronic heart disease, Proyecciones Journal of Mathematics, 44(5), 742–761, 2025.
- Lin W., Global existence theory and chaos control of fractional differential equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 332(1), 709–726, 2007.
- Hariprasad S., et al., Fractional order Eco-Epidemiological model for the dynamics of a Prey-predator system, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 11(3), 186, 2025.
- Matignon D., Stability results for fractional differential equations with applications to control processing, Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, 2(1), 963–968, 1996.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijmce-2026-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2956-7068
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 15, 2026
Accepted on: Feb 20, 2026
Published on: Mar 18, 2026
Published by: Harran University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Muhammad Farman, published by Harran University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.