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Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context Cover

Group Movement in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Aggregation Levels Vary Based on Context

Journal of Nematology
Volume 56 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)
By: Glen Stevens,  Muhammad Usman,  Sehrish Gulzar,  Cassandra Stevens,  Eleanor Pimentel,  Hilal Erdogan,  Paul Schliekelman,  Fatma Kaplan,  Hans Alborn,  Waqas Wakil,  David Shapiro-Ilan and  Edwin E Lewis  
Open Access
|Mar 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.
Polypropylene experimental arenas to assess introduction at a common point. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. Image shows introduction point on 60mm filter paper and sample locations.

Figure 2:

Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.
Pyrex experimental arenas to assess responses when nematodes were added to opposite corners. Arenas filled with approximately 1200 g of sand at 10% moisture. A: Heterospecific experiment arena, where corners have different species of IJs. B: Conspecific test arena, where a single species of IJ was placed at one corner. C: 5 × 5 sampling grid; samples were collected at each circle.

Figure 3:

Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Index of Dispersion for each of the three species when applied alone in the center of dispersal boxes. Values of D > 1 indicate increasing aggregation. Solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 4:

Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.
Aggregation shown by each of the three species when center placed, in both conspecific (alone) and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range). NOTE that y-axis scale changes significantly across the three panels.

Figure 5:

Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Aggregation shown by each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Increasing values of D indicate increasing aggregation. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).

Figure 6:

Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
Average IJ movement in each of the 3 species when corner placed, in both conspecific and heterospecific conditions. Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae, Sf = Steinernema feltiae, Sg = Steinernema glaseri. The solid line within each box indicates the median, black diamonds indicate the arithmetic mean, and black circles indicate outliers (observations with values > 1.5 * the interquartile range).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 17, 2024
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Published on: Mar 14, 2024
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
behavior,
entomopathogenic nematode,
group behavior,
Index of Dispersion
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2024 Glen Stevens, Muhammad Usman, Sehrish Gulzar, Cassandra Stevens, Eleanor Pimentel, Hilal Erdogan, Paul Schliekelman, Fatma Kaplan, Hans Alborn, Waqas Wakil, David Shapiro-Ilan, Edwin E Lewis, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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