Figure 1:

Figure 2:
![Area under the curve [analyzed using area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) statistical analyses] for mealworm mortality following infection with three entomopathogenic nematode species, produced in vivo or in vitro and formulated in Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH), assessed at two weeks intervals over a period of eight weeks. Different letters at each bar indicate significant differences between treatments (α = 0.05), compared for each nematode species separately.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67b0d9fe082aa65dea3f1943/j_jofnem-2025-0014_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPWORZG3H%2F20260307%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260307T000129Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjECMaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDZR%2BRk2I9qb9bU9NliV%2FAPwh2IJviK%2FCkSWNSkJqArrQIgW1PbLyMwTxtBMJTGFRAFIzI7qexY2iL8NGXfH6jJkKkqxgUI7P%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDAt4aXlZ9UpuobTNiiqaBXxsYBK8ey6nrioxOjSA7AZf7AIijycp6l06qrCmIUC%2Bg8ErL%2FwHOFKqcjiNYIOGik%2BwapxMHog6Af9DVCdT6FbGu2o00C9AI7BU59iK7Zsydd9ODHs48CbN7uqCoRciPpzJ93oo5iYfGMoWWSrj9DIdnnCOUxvkyit01pnVUpl%2FiTtwxrb8dX6zG9v7HN0Oz5QbmubomjKpAH9BtpATmLeGggjRFvnkUQq5MwoQlFbouViGJl%2Bk%2FiW4ErDeh4oHjPoNhZx%2BFk1XKXOwgVBZ%2FEdZg2KCg%2FhQthDdCWSA3aGgCnnLXU5p%2BdyGO2IG6Yal7QUEjnUd41kaEU4PIAo1YUTVyzbG9FGy%2FTjLGL7wzjU3hziIKVM8v5OP3H6%2BBox%2BoRtuuIUhDf4y%2F1Bh8%2Bt7uNqvOBtR82DDiI%2FxktNLpvSNFoqRrRbtSIIuy98U3dJis1vxi0QSi2AoAzbjLBa0SEtjkZZa9OejdGhf8EkSpGjHqoAqmQbHRG8x4NdyvtXutdJsnzWq4nWsN97%2BEQObMOUPKKE%2Bc3PrbPowtKeQusfe%2BjoNfcblIuwAY%2BBGuxneCx3UUbPJyGfG7wnuLQ3J75ysNknfuH9%2Be9nb8xsAoBd70%2BsNYksxE%2Fd0%2BTEvzpwE2C5%2B7TA4Grhv5xKFvwMQrEwcJ07UQLIBJj9NLbfItP9ydXA9u5Ilw7s%2B0goxFlPLHPYYeBQf1FIC31Te38btNJV49Zx%2B6r2Gt%2F37kd1BOp1Q7cNqZA3Op6KdI1RLlde5i2b92s4OPXwbRtSKEInbeK9BYV2EVlNdfq8kinooom8bzlpkIgT6LhAhz7lMvPbrSKhWrbdtgvzya9wQiAsGiURdmQWBp8AVlTrWYVk36iNRDQ7BsIouFX0bnTDOzqzNBjqxAYRrd0DT5czZuI%2F4QMI6CV8%2FrkKc4X1o8ARHwBhYgegi%2FfKIZZfM2arjOpnO0heDXzJdqXpOpZurRssjog%2Fj10xyB2Z%2BvJvIQ7NQpvV%2B00gXm%2BHgegsOso5tSMpcFVZQ8igYHGmjjkB0RDTybjYkUFagLPfRK8%2F54Gm14%2FLIN86rPaa1Dlm2HEiJGZkDxi3Y9K4Qh17Q%2Fw%2B2yxDs%2FNrcnkgmMe29b5kfIFah%2B5iH432anQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=3bcfeaa18c3aaee4f2f142dfcff59f4d700acad097151d3decf220c81f3d7b44&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P < 0001) = 20_64)_
| Strain | Formulation | Day 1 | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 6 weeks | 8 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGI 245 | In vivo B | 100 a | 59 a | 56 a | 37 b | 13 a |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 64 a | 65 a | 67 a | 8 a | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 59 a | 55 a | 37 b | 13 a | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 61 a | 63 a | 68 a | 10 a | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| ROOI 352 | In vivo B | 100 a | 76 a | 60 a | 47 b | 4 a |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 62 b | 57 a | 66 a | * | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 76 a | 60 a | 47 b | 4 a | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 62 b | 63 a | 66 c | 2 a | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * | |
| SGI 35 | In vivo B | 100 a | 68 a | 53 a | 47 b | * |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 58 b | 63 a | 68 a | * | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 68 a | 53 a | 47 b | * | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 60 b | 69 a | 69 a | 1 | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * |
Table showing infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro against Tenebrio molitor and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P = 0,05) = 6,1742)_
| Strain | Formulation | Day 1 | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 6 weeks | 8 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGI 245 | In vivo B | 100 a | 90 a | 93 a | 70 a | 57 a |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 83 a | 77 b | 70 a | 50 a | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 90 a | 90 a | 70 a | 53 a | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 90 a | 80 b | 73 a | 53 a | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| ROOI 352 | In vivo B | 100 a | 97 a | 100 a | 83 a | 90 a |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 97 a | 73 c | 67 b | * | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 100 a | 100 a | 90 a | 93 a | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 100 a | 80 b | 67 b | 93 a | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 b | * | * | * | |
| SGI 35 | In vivo B | 100 a | 93 a | 90 a | 80 a | * |
| In vitro B | 100 a | 80 b | 77 a | 57 b | * | |
| In vivo PPH | 100 a | 93 a | 90 a | 80 a | * | |
| In vitro PPH | 100 a | 80 b | 80 a | 60 b | 93 | |
| In vivo control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * | |
| In vitro control | 100 a | 0 c | * | * | * |