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Spatial Evolution of the River Valleys under the Influence of Active Volcano: A Case of Merapi Volcanic Plain Cover

Spatial Evolution of the River Valleys under the Influence of Active Volcano: A Case of Merapi Volcanic Plain

Open Access
|Sep 2021

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Study area.
Study area.

Fig. 2

Research procedure.
Research procedure.

Fig. 3

Distribution of palaeochannel in study area.
Distribution of palaeochannel in study area.

Fig. 4

The boxplot for the number of palaeochannels in the study area based on the distance from the present river valley.
The boxplot for the number of palaeochannels in the study area based on the distance from the present river valley.

Fig. 5

The trend of the number of palaeochannels to the distance from the eruption center. (A) Entire area, (B) polynomial type from Batang River, (C) Linear type from Bedog River. Polynomial type indicates a change between increase and no increase in the number of palaeochannels, at each increase of downstream distance. Linear type shows that at each increase of downstream distance, there is an increase in the number of palaeochannels.
The trend of the number of palaeochannels to the distance from the eruption center. (A) Entire area, (B) polynomial type from Batang River, (C) Linear type from Bedog River. Polynomial type indicates a change between increase and no increase in the number of palaeochannels, at each increase of downstream distance. Linear type shows that at each increase of downstream distance, there is an increase in the number of palaeochannels.

Fig. 6

The morphological characteristics of one of the palaeochannels in the Putih River. Above: The field situation (2019) shows a concave morphology (yellow arrow) with a depth of 1 m and base material of lahar deposits (red arrow). Below: plan view on Google Earth image (2019) shows several palaeochannels (yellow lines) around the current Putih River valleys (red lines).
The morphological characteristics of one of the palaeochannels in the Putih River. Above: The field situation (2019) shows a concave morphology (yellow arrow) with a depth of 1 m and base material of lahar deposits (red arrow). Below: plan view on Google Earth image (2019) shows several palaeochannels (yellow lines) around the current Putih River valleys (red lines).

Fig. 7

The influences of topography on palaeochannel distribution in the southwest sector of Merapi volcanic foot. (A) palaeochannel which is deflected from NNE–SSW to ESE–WNW by Gendol Hill (bounded by red lines), located 230 m at the eastern of the Putih River, precisely at the north bank of Gendol Hill with altitude of 359 masl., (B) a non-deflected palaeochannel, NE–SW direction (bounded by red lines), located 400 m from the eastern edge of the Gendol Hills and 304 m at the western of the actual Batang River with altitude of 355 m a.s.l. Yellow arrows show the orientation of the field photograph. Source: Google Earth (2021).
The influences of topography on palaeochannel distribution in the southwest sector of Merapi volcanic foot. (A) palaeochannel which is deflected from NNE–SSW to ESE–WNW by Gendol Hill (bounded by red lines), located 230 m at the eastern of the Putih River, precisely at the north bank of Gendol Hill with altitude of 359 masl., (B) a non-deflected palaeochannel, NE–SW direction (bounded by red lines), located 400 m from the eastern edge of the Gendol Hills and 304 m at the western of the actual Batang River with altitude of 355 m a.s.l. Yellow arrows show the orientation of the field photograph. Source: Google Earth (2021).

The number of palaeochannels based on the distance from the eruption center_

No.RiverThe distance from crater [km]Total
1213141516171819202122232425
1Gendol0004002473009020
2Kuning0055135211011025
3Boyong0001264222012224
4Bedog0000000236343223
5Krasak00011102252021026
6Batang0001111002204517
7Putih0012212234123124
8Lamat0521000022000012
9Blongkeng0422000225227129
10Pabelan52211234138321451
Total51112188141720233318131435251

Types of data, data collection techniques and instruments/data sources_

NoDataCollection methodInstrument/data sources
1Palaeochannel locationObservationGPS, geological compass, digital camera
DocumentationDocumentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia or RBI Map) published by National Coordinator for Survey and Mapping Agency of Indonesia (2000)
Remote sensing image interpretationQuickbird Imagery (2015)
2Location of actual river valleyObservationGPS, geological compass, digital camera
DocumentationDocumentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia)
Remote sensing image interpretationQuickbird Imagery (2015)
3Morphography and morphometry of the landform at palaeochannelObservationAbney level, digital camera, observation guide
4Geomorphological processObservationDigital camera, observation guide
5Rock typeLiterature studyNewhall et al. (2000), Andreastuti et al. (2000), Gertisser et al. (2012)
ObservationGeological hammer, geological compass
6Land useDocumentationDocumentation of Indonesian Topographical Map (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia)
ObservationsDigital camera, observation guide

The morphometrical measurement of the palaeochannel in the research area_

River areaDepth [m]Width [m]Slope [%]
nMeanMedianSDMaxMinNMeanMedianSDMaxMinnMeanMedianSDMaxMin
Gendol41.251.00.52.01.0488.0067.064.021803845.0050.0055
Kuning52.002.00.713.01.0569.0065.09.72836054.2051.1053
Boyong71.141.00.382.01.0767.4360.025.011124479.86104.26185
Bedog52.002.01.003.01.0575.4087.045.811222153.4031.6751
Krasak112.002.01.204.00.511169.27162.053.8927791113.7331.0153
Batang71.141.00.632.00.5796.5782.057.571791172.7130.7631
Putih81.191.01.164.00.5866.8854.539.241553383.2530.7153
Lamat51.201.00.452.01.0536.4025.026.68831958.8072.49127
Blong keng40.500.50.000.50.5465.5064.026.71963843.0030.0033
Pabelan40.881.00.251.00.5458.2555.022.02883549.75102.22127
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103
Language: English
Page range: 45 - 64
Submitted on: Mar 27, 2021
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Published on: Sep 30, 2021
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
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© 2021 Arif Ashari, Suhadi Purwantara, Nursida Arif, Edi Widodo, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.