Socio-Environmental Vulnerability of Water in the Estuary of the Metropolitan Region of Santos (Brazil)

Fernando L.C. Martins; Fabio Giordano; Walter Barrella

doi:10.2478/quageo-2021-0040

Figures & Tables

Location of the SSEC area. Red polygons limit areas of high vulnerability; cyan markers show localities of six water sample collection points (3 in Santos (ST1-3) and 3 in São Vicente (SV1-3)); orange lines represent artificial drainage canals; yellow markers define natural channels entry to the estuary in the municipalities of Santos (ST) and São Vicente (SV).Source: Google Earth, adapted by the author, 2018.SSEC – Santos and São Vicente Estuarine Complex.

Housing growth clusters (GAGRNH) and territorial (GAGRm2)_

Type	Growth clusters
Type	Dwellings (GAGR_NH)	Territorial (GAGR_m²)	Features
1	+	+	Invasions and reinvasions
2	+	−	Verticalisation and densification
3	−	+	Demobilisation and pre-invasion
4	−	−	Demobilisation

Housing and territorial growth clusters_

Type	NH	m²	Qty VN	GAGR_NH (% p.a.)		GAGR_m² (% p.a.)
1	+	+	51	8.94		5.73
2	+	−	12	7.25		−1.94
3	−	+	3	−3.01		1.47
4	−	−	8	−4.54		−8.48
SAG		74	5.60		0.09
BSMR		599	6.07		(*)

Number of VNs in growth clusters, housing and territorial growth rates correlated with collection points_

Cluster	st1	st2	st3	sv3	sv2	sv1
1 (+/+)	14	2	8	16	3	8
2 (+/−)	3	1	2	3	1	2
3 (−/+)	2				1
4 (−/−)			3	3	1	1
NH (2005)	9,170	1,986	3,471	6,888	3,308	5,758
NH (2018)	15,172	4,846	5,012	20,633	3,659	12,768
GAGR_NH	3.95% p.a.	7.10% p.a.	2.87% p.a.	8.81% p.a.	0.78% p.a.	6.32% p.a.
New invasions	4	0	4	11	2	5

Sewage flow and PL released in SSEC in 2005 and 2018_

County	IN051 (m³ · month⁻¹)	IN053 (m³ · month⁻¹)	Total (m³ · month⁻¹)	HD Number of irregular dwellings		Flow rate (m³ · month⁻¹)		Polluting load (tonnes · month⁻¹)
County	IN051 (m³ · month⁻¹)	IN053 (m³ · month⁻¹)	Total (m³ · month⁻¹)	2005	2018	2005	2018	2005	2018
Cubatão	17	20	37	5,674	2,935	90,784	86,876	20	19
Guarujá	22	21	43	12,818	22,887	215,342	787,313	47	170
Santos	8	45	53	3,826	7,275	137,736	308,460	30	67
São Vicente	19	19	38	8,263	29,042	125,598	882,877	27	191
SAG	16	26	42	30,581	62,090	636,085	2,086,224	137	451
BSMR	11	18	30	54,343	116,941	782,539	2,806,584	169	606

Identification of the channels of Santos and São Vicente and collection points in SSEC_

County	Coordinates (UTM)		Distance from mouth of Santos (km)	Distance from mouth of São Vicente (km)
st1	369,107 E	7,347,706 S	3.1	31.9
st2	367,145 E	7,350,411 S	6.2	31.8
st3	366,363 E	7,353,172 S	9.0	26.0
sv3	355,832 E	7,347,793 S	21.4	13.6
sv2	355,575 E	7,349,873 S	27.3	7.7
sv1	358,418 E	7,352,163 S	29.7	5.3

Water quality measurements in non-conformity (“1” in yellow cells) with CONAMA 357_

Year	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011	2011
Station-Season	st1-S	st1-W	st2-S	st2-W	st3-S	st3-W	sv1-S	sv1-W	sv2-S	sv2-W	sv3-S	sv3-W	Total
DO		1	1		1	1			1	1	1	1	8
P_TOTAL		1	1	1	1	1		1			1	1	8
NH₄	1				1			1	1	1	1	1	7
TOC	1		1	1	1	1	1		1	1	1		9
Ecotox.													0
Chlorophyll											1		1
Enterococcus	1	1	1	1	1			1		1	1	1	9
Total 2011	3	3	4	3	5	3	1	3	3	4	6	4	42
Year	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017	2017
Station-Season	st1-S	st1-W	st2-S	st2-W	st3-S	st3-W	sv1-S	sv1-W	sv2-S	sv2-W	sv3-S	sv3-W	Total
DO					1		1	1	1	1	1		6
P_TOTAL	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	12
NH₄	1		1		1			1	1		1	1	7
TOC	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1		1	1	10
Ecotox.	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	12
Chlorophyll							1		1		1		3
Enterococcus	1		1		1		1				1	1	6
Total 2017	5	3	5	3	6	3	6	4	6	3	7	5	56

j_quageo-2021-0040_tab_009

Id	UTM (E;S)	County	VN	Area – 2005 (m²)	HD 2005	Area – 2018 (m²)	HD 2018	GAGR^NH (%/a.a)	GAGR_m² (%/a.a)
1	352,171; 7,355,944	Cubatão	Vila Esperança	655,700	2,534	827,979	1,342	−4.77%	1.81%
2	354,036; 7,356,544	Cubatão	Costa Muniz	177,500	401	58,848	0	−100.00%	−8.14%
3	357,356; 7,353,247	Cubatão	V, Pescadores	2,877,100	1,520	282,143	1,064	−2.71%	−16.36%
4	351,666; 7,358,099	Cubatão	Pinhal do Miranda	289,900	1,118	178,154	204	−12.27%	−3.68%
5	355,328; 7,358,445	Cubatão	Beira Rio	0	0	8,555	40	1.43%	1.43%
6	353,475; 7357,148	Cubatão	Vila Noel	0	0	36,219	161	1.43%	1.43%
7	354,069; 7,352,270	Cubatão	Ilha Caraguata (*)	25,200	101	23,016	124	1.59%	−0.69%
8	351,701; 7,354,366	Cubatão	Vale Novo	0	0	33,977	70	1.43%	1.43%
9	371,803; 7,347,426	Guarujá	Morro da Cachoeira	47,600	113	118,224	879	17.09%	7.25%
10	372,895; 7,348,238	Guarujá	V, Edna/Selma (*)	141,500	1,025	330,442	1,631	3.64%	6.74%
11	372,663; 7,347,696	Guarujá	Vila Zilda (*)	152,300	692	187,999	952	2.48%	1.63%
12	371,578; 7,347,426	Guarujá	Cachoeira (*)	333,000	2,574	354,186	2,094	−1.58%	0.48%
13	367,440; 7,345,505	Guarujá	S,C,Navegantes (*)	200,000	867	216,434	1,268	2.97%	0.61%
14	369,025; 7,345,200	Guarujá	V,Ligia (*)	88,000	746	135,823	875	1.23%	3.39%
15	369,541; 7,346,461	Guarujá	Vila Funchal I e II	0	0	18,157	174	1.43%	1.43%
16	370,508, 7,346,983	Guarujá	Mangue Seco I e II	54,700	220	61,668	371	4.10%	0.93%
17	369,809; 7,344,955	Guarujá	LAS PALMAS	28,700	51	117,179	286	14.18%	11.43%
18	369,250 ; 7,347,791	Guarujá	Sitio Conceiçãozinha	251,700	1,083	216,780	2,865	7.77%	−1.14%
19	369,150; 7,353,976	Guarujá	Monte Cabrão	56,300	70	36,636	74	0.43%	−3.25%
20	366,852; 7,354,530	Guarujá	Ilha Diana (Santos)	18,500	54	24,593	98	4.69%	2.21%
21	366,926; 7,351,960	Guarujá	Santense	6,600	43	2,063	90	5.85%	−8.56%
22	366,272; 7,345,243	Guarujá	Praia do Góes	34,700	72	34,044	255	10.22%	−0.15%
23	372,238; 7347,471	Guarujá	M,Engenho (*)	200,800	724	96,717	775	0.53%	−5.46%
24	367,237; 7,350,687	Guarujá	Prainha (*)	344,700	1,394	427,672	4,043	8.54%	1.67%
25	367,737; 7,350,122	Guarujá	Marezinha (*)	104,800	549	108,853	713	2.03%	0.29%
26	369,250; 7,352,352	Guarujá	Vargea Gde (*)	0	0	55,748	141	1.43%	1.43%
27	368,724; 7,352,046	Guarujá	Favela do Caixão	55,800	519	49,697	1,593	9.01%	−0.89%
28	369,457; 7,352,130	Guarujá	Santa Madalena	50,100	295	19,850	69	−10.57%	−6.87%
29	369,076; 7,351,376	Guarujá	Vila do Padre	14,500	112	30,851	71	−3.45%	5.98%
30	369,183; 7,351,072	Guarujá	Atlântica	0	0	89,573	344	1.43%	1.43%
31	369,411; 7,350,801	Guarujá	Área Verde	0	0	64,191	757	1.43%	1.43%
32	369,498; 7,350,937	Guarujá	N,Republica (*)	30,400	189	74,243	330	4.38%	7.11%
33	369,721; 7,350,436	Guarujá	T, Acaraú (*)	41,800	183	114,735	362	5.39%	8.08%
34	369,892; 7,350,251	Guarujá	Chaparral (*)	87,000	519	86,634	546	0.39%	−0.03%
35	370,162; 7,349,928	Guarujá	República	0	0	44,808	257	1.43%	1.43%
36	370,005; 7,349,703	Guarujá	Rubro Negro	0	0	15,414	80	1.43%	1.43%
37	372,238; 7347,471	Guarujá	M,Engenho (*)	200,800	724	96,717	775	0.53%	−5.46%
38	358,191; 7,353,923	Santos	V, Criadores (*)	52,500	177	77,979	178	0.04%	3.09%
39	358,838; 7,351,402	Santos	V,Gilda (*)	242,700	1,249	302,807	2,521	5.55%	1.72%
40	361,203; 7,352,804	Santos	V, Alemoa (*)	119,900	768	105,480	559	−2.41%	−0.98%
41	360,911; 7,352,779	Santos	V, Alemoa 2 (*)	0	0	95,310	468	1.43%	1.43%
42	362,351; 7,352,311	Santos	S, Maria - gleba I e II	186,700	459	65,966	238	−4.93%	−7.69%
43	359,669; 7,352,179	Santos	Ilheu Baixo (*)	0	0	54,021	74	1.43%	1.43%
44	361,615; 7,352,375	Santos	Chico de Paula (*)	11,700	61	1,496	48	−1.83%	−14.63%
45	361,540; 7,352,251	Santos	Igreja (*)	0	0	9,147	92	1.43%	1.43%
46	361,369; 7,351,767	Santos	Cam,Part, S,Jorge (*)	0	0	11,433	57	1.43%	1.43%
47	361,032; 7,351,226	Santos	Vila Ayrton Senna	0	0	10,873	71	1.43%	1.43%
48	359,203; 7,353,017	Santos	Jd, Bom Retiro (*)	0	0	68,120	65	1.43%	1.43%
49	359,542; 7,352,940	Santos	Lot, S,Manoel (*)	0	0	148,857	289	1.43%	1.43%
50	363,098; 7,352,460	Santos	Cam, Maria Rosa (*)	0	0	1,487	54	1.43%	1.43%
51	363,894; 7,352,491	Santos	Pacheco (*)	99,100	459	201,161	1,010	6.25%	5.60%
52	363,119; 7,352,625	Santos	Penha (*)	0	0	1,676	63	1.43%	1.43%
53	362,486; 7352,498	Santos	Pantanal (*)	59,100	320	78,047	819	7.50%	2.16%
54	359,313; 7,352,562	Santos	S,Manoel (*)	115,000	333	81,895	669	5.51%	−2.58%
55	358,378; 7,351,880	S,Vicente	Sambaiatuba (*)	336,500	810	319,237	4,050	13.18%	−0.40%
56	348,685; 7,345,198	S,Vicente	Fazendinha (*)	0	0	843,962	2,947	1.43%	1.43%
57	357,551; 7,350,217	S,Vicente	Começa (b)	0	0	15,689	802	1.43%	1.43%
58	356,468; 7,347,982	S,Vicente	México 70 (*)	625,400	3,216	737,058	4,795	3.12%	1.27%
59	351,905; 7,347,424	S,Vicente	Quarentenário Publ,	722,500	1,522	690,601	1,178	−1.95%	−0.35%
60	351,149; 7,346,496	S,Vicente	Rio Negro (*)	482,900	272	682,454	1,525	14.18%	2.70%
61	352,667; 7,349,766	S,Vicente	Vila Feliz	23,100	202	59,145	1,293	15.35%	7.50%
62	359,256; 7,350,595	S,Vicente	Miau	0	0	28,949	598	1.43%	1.43%
63	358,756; 7,350,726	S,Vicente	Charme (a)	0	0	63,838	2,124	1.43%	1.43%
64	357,122; 7,351,254	S,Vicente	Dq Caixeta (*)	181,500	814	158,896	2,624	9.42%	−1.02%
65	357,004; 7,351,005	S,Vicente	Dique do Fátima	24,000	149	29,756	1,690	20.54%	1.67%
66	357,182; 7,349,308	S,Vicente	Fepasa (*)	24,400	164	25,128	1,091	15.69%	0.23%
67	352,454; 7,350,385	S,Vicente	V,Nova Mariana (*)	36,200	94	88,225	635	15.83%	7.09%
68	358,276, 7,350,041	S,Vicente	Sá Catarina Moraes	112,200	680	122,538	1,261	4.87%	0.68%
69	358,441; 7,346,206	S,Vicente	Japuí	0	0	49,500	411	1.43%	1.43%
70	358,031; 7,349,821	S,Vicente	V,S,Bernardo (*)	0	0	18,330	339	1.43%	1.43%
71	358,378; 7,351,880	S,Vicente	Rio d’Avó	61,200	340	184,499	945	8.18%	8.86%
72	360,661; 7,349,014	S,Vicente	Carrefour (Horto)	0	0	8,337	116	1.43%	1.43%
73	360,991; 7,349,339	S,Vicente	Bananal (Horto)	0	0	15,178	251	1.43%	1.43%
74	350,670; 7,347,240	S,Vicente	Jd, Rio Branco	0	0	71,370	367	1.43%	1.43%
Total – Study area				9,885,500	29,857	10,144,527	61,385	5.70%	0.20%
RMBS					54,343		116,941	6.59%

Concentration of total coliforms in waterways urban effluent to beaches_

County	2005	2017
Cubatão (*)	10¹	10¹
Guarujá (*)	to	10³ to 10⁵
Santos (*)	10⁴ to 10⁵	10³ to 10⁶
São Vicente (*)	10⁴ to 10⁵	10³ to 10⁶
Bertioga	10³	10³ to 10⁴
Mongaguá	10³ to 10⁴	10³
Itanhaém	10³ to 10⁴	10³
Praia Grande	10⁴ to 10⁵	10³ to 10⁶
Peruíbe	10² to 10³	10³ to 10⁴

Formal and non-conforming population (NH) between 2005 and 2018 in SAG municipalities_

	Population (residents)			GAGR (% p.a.)		NH (AGEM)	NH (SABESP)	GAGR_NH (% p.a.)
	2005	2014	2018	2005/2018	2005/2014	2005	2018	2005/2018
Santos	418,610	423,779	432,957	0.26	0.14	8,018	15,732	5.32
Cubatão	113,271	123,785	129,760	1.05	0.99	8,620	2,935	−7.95
São Vicente	317,459	346,492	363,173	1.04	0.98	8,992	29,079	9.45
Guarujá	276,945	303,397	318,107	1.07	1.02	19,300	39,345	5.63
SAG	1,126,285	1,197,501	1,243,997	0.77	0.68	30,581	62,090	5.60
BSMR	1,567,581	1,750,990	1,848,654	1.28	1.24	54,343	116,941	6.07

j_quageo-2021-0040_tab_010

City	VN (qty)	Number of irregular dwellings * (qty)	Examples
Bertioga	46	8,525	Boraceia
Cubatão	8	2,935	Vila Esperança
Guarujá	73	39,345	Cachoeira
Itanhaém	29	4,985	Iemanjá
Mongaguá	27	2,910	Cachoeira V. São Paulo
Peruibe	7	658	Recreio Santista
Praia Grande	53	12,772	Samambaia
Santos	120 + 206 tenements	15,732	Dq.Vila Gilda, Pantanal
São Vicente	30	29,079	Fazendinha
RMBS	599	116,941

Socio-Environmental Vulnerability of Water in the Estuary of the Metropolitan Region of Santos (Brazil)

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Housing growth clusters (GAGRNH) and territorial (GAGRm2)_

Housing and territorial growth clusters_

Number of VNs in growth clusters, housing and territorial growth rates correlated with collection points_

Sewage flow and PL released in SSEC in 2005 and 2018_

Identification of the channels of Santos and São Vicente and collection points in SSEC_

Water quality measurements in non-conformity (“1” in yellow cells) with CONAMA 357_

j_quageo-2021-0040_tab_009

Concentration of total coliforms in waterways urban effluent to beaches_

Formal and non-conforming population (NH) between 2005 and 2018 in SAG municipalities_

j_quageo-2021-0040_tab_010

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