Assessment of Soil Characteristics Using a Three-Band Agricultural Digital Camera

Agnieszka Glinko; Cezary Kaźmierowski; Jan Piekarczyk; Sławomir Królewicz

doi:10.2478/quageo-2022-0029

Figures & Tables

Correlation between soil parameters and spectral indices.

Summary of graphs for soil parameters that achieved the desired values of R2 and rel-RMSE.

Summary of graphs showing the most important variables used to estimate soil properties.

Measures of goodness-of-fit for soil characteristic estimations_

Parameter	Unit	MEAN	SD	Model	pre-processing	R2	RMSE	Rel RMSE	RPD	RPIQ
Sand	%	78.10	4.12	Cubist	MSC	0.793	3 211	0.04	1.28	1.22
Silt	%	16.87	3.63	Cubist	MSC	0.886	1 704	0.10	2.13	1.35
Clay	%	4.97	1.69	PLS	ABS	0.043	1 634	0.33	1.03	1.22
SOC	%	1.56	1.32	Cubist	SNV	0.986	0.284	0.18	4.64	1.74
N	%	0.14	0.15	Cubist	RAW	0.980	0.031	0.21	4.92	1.12
C/N	–	14.34	9.01	PLS	SNV	0.018	9 100	0.63	1	0.54
pH_H2O	–	5.67	1.13	Cubist	ABS	0.937	0.403	0.07	2.82	5.06
pH_KCL	–	5.18	1.24	Cubist	ABS	0.934	0.438	0.08	2.82	5.28
CaCO3 vol	%	0.87	2.03	Cubist	min-max Norm	0.780	0.673	0.77	3.01	0.48
CaCO3 titr	%	1.15	2.44	Cubist	min-max Norm	0.871	0.694	0.61	3.52	0.84
CEC	cmol kg⁻¹	9.98	5.16	Cubist	ABS	0.928	1 278	0.24	2.23	2.36
K	mg kg⁻¹	147.88	41.51	Cubist	RAW	0.563	27 770	0.19	1.49	0.97
Mg	mg kg⁻¹	70.59	61.70	Cubist	SNV	0.951	23 463	0.33	2.63	1.78
Ca	mg kg⁻¹	1504.29	2014.76	Cubist	min-max Norm	0.924	735 515	0.49	2.74	3.86
Zn	mg kg⁻¹	9.06	3.07	PLS	SNV	0.068	3 548	0.39	1.04	1.15
Cu	mg kg⁻¹	1.75	0.56	Cubist	ABS	0.853	0.284	0.16	1.97	2.85
Pb	mg kg⁻¹	5.36	1.09	Cubist	ABS	0.848	1 638	0.31	1.16	1.77
Cd	mg kg⁻¹	0.12	0.12	Cubist	min-max Norm	0.836	0.052	0.42	2.26	3.13
Mn	mg kg⁻¹	73.22	17.93	Cubist	min-max Norm	0.867	8 419	0.11	2.13	1.68
F	mg kg⁻¹	233.97	60.25	Cubist	RAW	0.832	38 073	0.16	1.58	1.91
P	mg kg⁻¹	176.88	63.21	Cubist	ABS	0.463	67 680	0.38	0.93	2.12

Summary of soil laboratory analyses_

Parameter	Unit	Min	Mean	Median	Max	SD
Sand	%	61.00	78.10	79.00	85.00	4.12
Silt	%	12.00	16.87	16.00	33.00	3.63
Clay	%	1.00	4.97	5.00	8.00	1.69
SOC	%	0.57	1.56	1.00	5.79	1.32
N	%	0.01	0.14	0.08	0.82	0.15
C/N	–	6.40	14.34	11.80	63.00	9.10
pH_H2O	–	4.00	5.67	5.15	7.67	1.13
pH_KCL	–	3.48	5.18	4.65	7.25	1.24
CaCO3 vol	%	0.00	0.87	0.00	12.00	2.03
CaCO3 titr	%	0.00	1.15	0.00	13.10	2.44
CEC	cmol kg⁻¹	5.46	9.98	7.99	27.28	5.16
K	mg kg⁻¹	29.30	147.88	147.60	409.50	41.51
Mg	mg kg⁻¹	16.30	70.59	47.70	314.80	61.70
Ca	mg kg⁻¹	32.60	1504.29	322.70	7424.60	2014.76
Zn	mg kg⁻¹	4.40	9.06	8.50	27.40	3.70
Cu	mg kg⁻¹	1.00	1.75	1.60	3.50	0.56
Pb	mg kg⁻¹	0.50	5.36	5.00	13.90	1.90
Cd	mg kg⁻¹	0.00	0.12	0.09	0.55	0.12
Mn	mg kg⁻¹	19.40	73.22	76.60	101.30	17.93
F	mg kg⁻¹	83.10	233.97	248.60	385.10	60.25
P	mg kg⁻¹	23.30	176.88	153.60	275.60	63.21

Summary of soil spectra_

	RAW		MSC		SNV		max-min NORM		ABS
	MEAN	SD	MEAN	SD	MEAN	SD	MEAN	SD	MEAN	SD
GREEN	0.47	0.12	0.50	0.11	−0.34	0.32	0.44	0.19	0.35	0.13
RED	0.41	0.15	0.38	0.09	−0.74	0.17	0.52	0.23	0.43	0.21
NIR	0.81	0.29	0.81	0.02	1.08	0.17	0.33	0.15	0.13	0.20

Summary of spectral indices used in the study_

Spectral index	Abbreviation	Formula
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	NDVI	NIR−REDNIR+RED {{NIR - RED} \over {NIR + RED}}
Green Normalized Fifference Vegetation Index	GNDVI	NIR−GREENNIR+GREEN {{NIR - GREEN} \over {NIR + GREEN}}
Green Normalized Fifference Vegetation Index normal	GNDVInormal	NIR−GREENNIR+GREEN2+1 {{NIR - GREEN} \over {{{NIR + GREEN} \over 2}}} + 1
Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index	IPVI	NIRNIR+RED {{NIR} \over {NIR + RED}}
Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index	SAVI^*	NIR−REDNIR+RED+L×(1+L) {{NIR - RED} \over {NIR + RED + L}} \times (1 + L)
Radar Vegetation Index	RVI	NIRRED {{NIR} \over {RED}}
Green-Red Vegetation Index	GRVI	NIRGREEN {{NIR} \over {GREEN}}

Assessment of Soil Characteristics Using a Three-Band Agricultural Digital Camera

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Measures of goodness-of-fit for soil characteristic estimations_

Summary of soil laboratory analyses_

Summary of soil spectra_

Summary of spectral indices used in the study_

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