Table 1
Socio demographic characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | Volcanic stone workers (n = 70) | Controls (n = 65) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Mean(SD) (years) | 33.6(12.3) | 34.2(13.6) | |
| Education level, Mean(SD) | 6.9(1.7) | 9.4(2.9) | |
| Tenure Mean(SD) years) | 7.8(6.7) | 6.0(5.9) | |
| Sex n (%) | |||
| Male | 62(88.6) | 53(81.5) | |
| Female | 8(42.9) | 12(18.5) | |
| Smoking n (%) | |||
| Current smoker | 21(30) | 9(41) | * |
| Non smoker | 49(70) | 56(86) | |
Table 2
Distribution of mean dust concentrations for workers in Rongoma, Pumwani, Kawawa and Uchira volcanic mines.
| Place | N | Mean(SD) | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rongoma | 10 | 2.76(3.86) | 1.14 | 0.39 | 12.23 |
| Pumwani | 10 | 9.00(5.83) | 8.75 | 2.10 | 20.84 |
| Kawawa Kiuo | 5 | 0.63(0.44) | .63 | 0.15 | 1.20 |
| Uchira | 3 | 0.57(0.48) | .44 | 0.17 | 1.11 |
| Total | 28 | 4.37 | 1.44 | 0.15 | 20.84 |
Table 3
Prevalence of Chronic respiratory symptoms by exposure status among volcanic miners.
| Reported Symptoms | Exposed (n = 70) | Controls (n = 65) | p-value# |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morning cough | 13(18.6) | 4(6.2) | 0.651 |
| Cough day & night | 21(30.0) | 4(6.2) | 0.058 |
| Morning cough with sputum | 10(14.3) | 4(6.2) | 0.038 |
| Cough day & night with sputum | 14(20) | 2(3.1) | 0.003 |
| Chest tightness | 17(24.6) | 1(1.5) | 0.001 |
| Wheezing | 20(28.6) | 5(7.7) | 0.002 |
| Dyspnoea 1 | 21(30.0%) | 3(4.6) | 0.003 |
| Dyspnoea 2 | 11(15.7%) | 1(1.5) | 0.014 |
| Dyspnoea 3 | 7(10.0%) | 0(0) | – |
[i] # Fischer’s exact.
Table 4
Acute respiratory symptoms by exposure status among volcanic miners.
| Reported Symptoms | Exposed (n = 69) | Controls (n = 21) | Total | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute cough | 23(34.8%) | 2(10.0%) | 25(29.1%) | 0.032 | * |
| Acute dyspnoea | 13(18.8%) | 1(4.8%) | 14(15.6%) | 0.131 | * |
| Acute wheezing | 12(17.4%) | 2(9.5%) | 14(15.6%) | 0.612 | |
| Sneezing | 33(47.8%) | 6(28.6%) | 40(44.4%) | 0.119 | |
| Red eyes | 31(44.9%) | 3(14.3%) | 35(38.9%) | 0.011 | |
| Itching eyes | 28(41.2%) | 4(19.0%) | 32(36.0%) | 0.174 |
[i] *Fischer’s exact test.
Table 5
Distribution of Exhaled nitrogen oxide among non-smokers study population by exposure status and gender.
| Sex | Exposure status | Mean (SD) ppb | Work category | Mean (SD) ppb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Exposed (n = 36) | 27.89(19.14) | Stone cutter | 28.8(19.59) |
| Control (n = 25) | 16.88(9.19) | Transportation | 15.80(5.33) | |
| Control | 16.70(8.53) | |||
| Female | Exposed (n = 2) | 16.50(4.95) | ||
| Control (n = 14) | 14.93(5.12) | |||
| Total | Exposed (N = 38) | 27.29(18.81) | ||
| Control (N = 39) | 16.18(7.95) |
Table 6
Multiple regression analysis of the FeNO values by exposure status.
| Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval for B | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Std. Error | Beta | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
| R2 = 13.5% | (Constant) | 25.534 | 7.108 | .001 | 11.410 | 39.658 | ||
| Age | –.082 | .125 | –.066 | .510 | –.330 | .165 | ||
| Sex | –4.425 | 3.935 | –.115 | .264 | –12.245 | 3.394 | ||
| Exposed and controls (1/0) | 9.101 | 3.034 | .309 | .004 | 3.072 | 15.129 | ||