Table 1
PubMed search terms.
| (((“Growth and Development”[Mesh:NoExp] OR “Growth”[Mesh:NoExp] OR “Body Size”[Mesh:NoExp] OR (height*[tiab]) OR “Body Height”[Mesh])) AND stunt*) AND environ* |
Figure 1
Flow of studies through the selection process.
Table 2
Overview of the strength of the evidence of each environmental risk factor.
| Category | Risk factor | No. of studies | Strength of the evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental settings | Sanitation | 34# | Strong* |
| Safe drinking water – access | 33 | Inconclusive evidence* | |
| Arsenic in drinking water | 2 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Environmental hygiene | 3 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Solid waste disposal | 10 | Strong | |
| Building materials | 13 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Flooring | 5 | Strong | |
| Animals | 1 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Biological agents, and consequences | Environmental enteropathy | 3 | Inconclusive evidence |
| Intestinal parasites | 10 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Malaria | 2 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Mycotoxins | 5 | Strong | |
| Air quality | Cooking fuels | 7 | Strong |
| Environmental tobacco smoke | 3 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Other hazards | Pesticides | 1 | Inconclusive evidence |
| Mercury in seafood | 2 | Inconclusive evidence | |
| Electromagnetic fields | 1 | Inconclusive evidence |
[i] * Description of these categories available in the methodology section.
# Includes two experimental studies.
Figure 2
Causal diagram of environmental risk factors and stunting.