Table 1
Pre-migration Armed Conflict for Central American Immigrantsa.
| Country of Birth | Armed Conflict, No. (%) | No Armed Conflict, No. (%) | Total, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Females (n = 15563) | |||
| Belize | 0 (0) | 213 (100) | 213 (100) |
| Costa Rica | 81 (17.12) | 392 (82.88) | 473 (100) |
| El Salvador | 6733 (97.23) | 192 (2.773) | 6925 (100) |
| Guatemala | 3542 (99.05) | 34 (0.951) | 3576 (100) |
| Honduras | 2219 (95.03) | 116 (4.968) | 2335 (100) |
| Nicaragua | 1260 (95.74) | 56 (4.255) | 1316 (100) |
| Panama | 309 (42.62) | 416 (57.38) | 725 (100) |
| Total | 14144 (90.88) | 1419 (9.118) | 15563 (100) |
| Males (n = 16236) | |||
| Belize | 0 (0) | 136 (100) | 136 (100) |
| Costa Rica | 64 (15.09) | 360 (84.91) | 424 (100) |
| El Salvador | 6781 (96.83) | 222 (3.170) | 7003 (100) |
| Guatemala | 4696 (99.03) | 46 (0.970) | 4742 (100) |
| Honduras | 2267 (94.97) | 120 (5.027) | 2387 (100) |
| Nicaragua | 1055 (95.13) | 54 (4.869) | 1109 (100) |
| Panama | 131 (30.11) | 304 (69.89) | 435 (100) |
| Total | 14994 (92.35) | 1242 (7.650) | 16236 (100) |
[i] a Table entries are counts and frequencies of pre-migration armed conflict. For each individual, pre-migration armed conflict includes any armed conflict that occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States.
Table 2
Years of Pre-migration Armed Conflict for Central American Immigrantsa.
| Country of Birth | Years of Armed Conflict, Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Females (n = 15563) | Males (n = 16236) |
| Belize | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Costa Rica | 0.218 (0.514) | 0.179 (0.452) |
| El Salvador | 9.255 (4.902) | 9.363 (4.817) |
| Guatemala | 17.37 (7.583) | 16.89 (7.453) |
| Honduras | 13.89 (7.153) | 13.34 (7.068) |
| Nicaragua | 7.846 (4.119) | 7.826 (3.965) |
| Panama | 0.426 (0.495) | 0.301 (0.459) |
| Total | 10.88 (7.495) | 11.48 (7.372) |
[i] Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
[ii] a Table entries are means and standard deviations for the number of years of pre-migration armed conflict. For each individual, the number of years of pre-migration armed conflict includes years of armed conflict that occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States.
Table 3
Years Since Pre-migration Armed Conflict for Central American Immigrantsa.
| Country of Birth | Years Since Last Armed Conflict, Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Females (n = 14144) | Males (n = 14994) |
| Belize | --b | --b |
| Costa Rica | 50.89 (5.422) | 51.17 (5.545) |
| El Salvador | 19.15 (6.988) | 18.65 (6.680) |
| Guatemala | 17.16 (7.752) | 16.11 (7.085) |
| Honduras | 19.63 (6.725) | 18.99 (5.992) |
| Nicaragua | 19.80 (8.815) | 19.49 (8.121) |
| Panama | 18.19 (5.300) | 18.40 (5.280) |
| Total | 18.94 (7.739) | 18.10 (7.255) |
[i] Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
a Table entries are means and standard deviations for the number of years since the last pre-migration armed conflict. For each individual, the last pre-migration armed conflict occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States.
b There were no armed conflicts in Belize during the study period.
Table 4
Central American Immigrant Health, by Pre-migration Armed Conflicta.
| Health | Armed Conflict, No. (%) | No Armed Conflict, No. (%) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Females (n = 15563) | |||
| Excellent | 3338 (23.60) | 472 (33.26) | <.001 |
| Very good | 4650 (32.88) | 481 (33.90) | |
| Good | 4547 (32.15) | 343 (24.17) | |
| Fair | 1248 (8.824) | 85 (5.990) | |
| Poor | 361 (2.552) | 38 (2.678) | |
| Total | 14144 (100) | 1419 (100) | |
| Males (n = 16236) | |||
| Excellent | 4015 (26.78) | 473 (38.08) | <.001 |
| Very good | 5161 (34.42) | 420 (33.82) | |
| Good | 4594 (30.64) | 275 (22.14) | |
| Fair | 964 (6.429) | 52 (4.187) | |
| Poor | 260 (1.734) | 22 (1.771) | |
| Total | 14994 (100.00) | 1242 (100) | |
[i] a Table entries are counts and frequencies of individuals in the study sample by pre-migration armed conflict and health status. For each individual, pre-migration armed conflict includes any armed conflict that occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States.
b P values are from chi-square tests.
Table 5
Pre-migration Armed Conflict and Central American Immigrant Healtha.
| Health | Incremental Effectb (95% Confidence Intervalc) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 15563) | Males (n = 16236) |
| Excellent | –0.0892 (–0.115, –0.0637) | –0.0824 (–0.116, –0.0488) |
| Very good | –0.0118 (–0.0137, –0.00982) | –0.00461 (–0.00663, –0.00259) |
| Good | 0.0562 (0.0402, 0.0722) | 0.0568 (0.0341, 0.0795) |
| Fair | 0.0321 (0.0241, 0.0400) | 0.0218 (0.0142, 0.0293) |
| Poor | 0.0127 (0.00974, 0.0157) | 0.00843 (0.00573, 0.0111) |
| Adjustedd | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 15563) | Males (n = 16236) |
| Excellent | –0.0856 (–0.111, –0.0604) | –0.0732 (–0.107, –0.0396) |
| Very good | –0.0113 (–0.0133, –0.00944) | –0.00466 (–0.00626, –0.00307) |
| Good | 0.0541 (0.0382, 0.0699) | 0.0507 (0.0279, 0.0735) |
| Fair | 0.0309 (0.0230, 0.0388) | 0.0197 (0.0119, 0.0276) |
| Poor | 0.0120 (0.00907, 0.0149) | 0.00748 (0.00474, 0.0102) |
[i] a Table entries are incremental effects and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between pre-migration armed conflict and post-migration health status. For each individual, pre-migration armed conflict includes any armed conflict that occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States. Incremental effects and 95% confidence intervals are estimated using sample weights.
b Incremental effects are from ordered probit regressions of the distribution of health status on pre-migration armed conflict.
c 95% confidence intervals are computed using the delta method.
d Adjusted incremental effects and 95% confidence intervals are conditioned on the observed distributions of age, age-squared, and age-cubed.
Table 6
Decades of Pre-migration Armed Conflict and Central American Immigrant Healtha.
| Health | Average Marginal Effectb (95% Confidence Intervalc) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 15563) | Males (n = 16236) |
| Excellent | –0.0373 (–0.0460, –0.0286) | –0.0293 (–0.0389, –0.0197) |
| Very good | –0.00895 (–0.0111, –0.00681) | –0.00440 (–0.00592, –0.00287) |
| Good | 0.0234 (0.0179, 0.0289) | 0.0206 (0.0139, 0.0274) |
| Fair | 0.0158 (0.0121, 0.0195) | 0.00915 (0.00611, 0.0122) |
| Poor | 0.00705 (0.00532, 0.00878) | 0.00390 (0.00258, 0.00522) |
| Adjustedd | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 15563) | Males (n = 16236) |
| Excellent | –0.0287 (–0.0376, –0.0198) | –0.0163 (–0.0263, –0.00621) |
| Very good | –0.00676 (–0.00887, –0.00465) | –0.00241 (–0.00390, –0.000914) |
| Good | 0.0181 (0.0124, 0.0237) | 0.0115 (0.00439, 0.0186) |
| Fair | 0.0121 (0.00837, 0.0159) | 0.00509 (0.00192, 0.00826) |
| Poor | 0.00525 (0.00358, 0.00693) | 0.00210 (0.000803, 0.00339) |
[i] a Table entries are average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between the number of decades of pre-migration armed conflict and post-migration health status. For each individual, the number of decades of pre-migration armed conflict includes armed conflicts that occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States. Average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals are estimated using sample weights.
b Average marginal effects are from ordered probit regressions of the distribution of health status on the number of decades of pre-migration armed conflict.
c 95% confidence intervals are computed using the delta method.
d Adjusted average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals are conditioned on the observed distributions of age, age-squared, and age-cubed.
Table 7
Decades Since Pre-migration Armed Conflict and Central American Immigrant Healtha.
| Health | Average Marginal Effectb (95% Confidence Intervalc) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 14144) | Males (n = 14994) |
| Excellent | –0.0430 (–0.0514, –0.0346) | –0.0494 (–0.0599, –0.0388) |
| Very good | –0.0118 (–0.0144, –0.00915) | –0.00861 (–0.0109, –0.00630) |
| Good | 0.0274 (0.0221, 0.0327) | 0.0354 (0.0277, 0.0430) |
| Fair | 0.0192 (0.0152, 0.0233) | 0.0161 (0.0125, 0.0197) |
| Poor | 0.00815 (0.00623, 0.0101) | 0.00648 (0.00471, 0.00825) |
| Adjustedd | ||
| Gender | Females (n = 14144) | Males (n = 14994) |
| Excellent | 0.0146 (0.00446, 0.0247) | –0.00103 (–0.0132, 0.0112) |
| Very good | 0.00393 (0.00124, 0.00661) | –0.000176 (–0.00228, 0.00193) |
| Good | –0.00929 (–0.0158, –0.00283) | 0.000736 (–0.00802, 0.00949) |
| Fair | –0.00649 (–0.0110, –0.00200) | 0.000334 (–0.00364, 0.00430) |
| Poor | –0.00271 (–0.00457, –0.000846) | 0.000133 (–0.00145, 0.00171) |
[i] a Table entries are average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between the number of decades since the last pre-migration armed conflict and post-migration health status. For each individual, the last pre-migration armed conflict occurred in their country of birth, during or after their year of birth, and before or during their year of immigration to the United States. Average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals are estimated using sample weights.
b Average marginal effects are from ordered probit regressions of the distribution of health status on decades since pre-migration armed conflict.
c 95% confidence intervals are computed using the delta method.
d Adjusted average marginal effects and 95% confidence intervals are conditioned on the observed distributions of age, age-squared, and age-cubed.