Table 1
Sex, Age.
| Sex (n = 192) | Study Data n (%) | National Demographics |
|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 108 (56.3%) | 49.4% |
| Female, n (%) | 84 (43.8%) | 50.6% |
| Age (n = 195) Median (IQR) | 47 (28) | 17.7 |
| 0–14 | 12 (6.2%) | 43.7% |
| 15–24 | 27 (13.8%) | 19.9% |
| 25–54 | 89 (45.6%) | 29.9% |
| 55–64 | 38 (19.5%) | 3.5% |
| 65+ | 29 (14.9%) | 3.0% |
Table 2
Education, Occupation.
| Education (n = 188) | ||
|---|---|---|
| None | 6 (3.2%) | |
| Primary (8 years) | 101 (53.7%) | |
| Secondary (12 years) | 49 (26.1%) | |
| Above Secondary (12+ years) | 32 (17.0%) | |
| Occupation (n = 158) | ||
| Farmer | 52 (32.9%) | |
| Business/Office-based profession | 39 (24.7%) | |
| Student | 18 (11.4%) | |
| Retired | 6 (3.8%) | |
| Teacher | 12 (7.6%) | |
| Laborer | 6 (3.8%) | |
| Driver | 8 (5.1%) | |
| Police Officer | 1 (0.6%) | |
| House wife | 3 (1.9%) | |
| Unemployed | 11 (7.0%) | |
| Prisoner | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Total | 158 | |
| Occupation (n = 158) | Study Data n (%) | National Demographics |
| Agriculture | 52 (32.9%) | 66.9% |
| Industry & Services | 106 (67.1%) | 33.1% |
Table 3
Monthly Income Pre-Injury.
| No Income | 26 (28.6%) |
| <$50 | 19 (20.9%) |
| $51–$100 | 20 (22.0%) |
| $101–$250 | 16 (17.4%) |
| $251–$500 | 9 (9.9%) |
| >$500 | 2 (2.2%) |
Table 4
Presentation of Injury.
| Chronic Condition | 72 (39.3%) |
| Sub-Acute/Acute Injury | 103 (56.3%) |
| 0–2 months ago | 34 (19.3%) |
| 3–6 months ago | 34 (19.3%) |
| 7–12 months ago | 33 (18.8%) |
| 13 months–4 years ago | 28 (15.9%) |
| 5 years–9 years ago | 18 (10.2%) |
| 10+ years ago | 29 (16.5%) |
| Neck | 4 (2%) |
| Spine | 21 (10.6%) |
| Upper Extremities | 22 (11.1%) |
| Hip | 14 (7.1%) |
| Isolated Lower Extremities | 94 (47.5%) |
| Polytrauma involving Lower Extremities | 43 (21.7%) |
[i] Chronic condition is defined as >6 months; Sub-acute/acute is defined as <6 months.
Table 5
Characteristics of Injured Patients–Disability and Loss of Work.
| Yes | 189 (97.4%) |
| No | 5 (2.6%) |
| Yes | 77 (39.7%) |
| No | 117 (60.3%) |
| Previously working and did not have to change job | 38 (21.7%) |
| Previously working and had to change job due to injury | 6 (3.4%) |
| Previously working and lost job due to injury | 71 (40.6%) |
| Never worked | 60 (34.3%) |
| Yes | 87 (83.7%) |
| No | 17 (16.3%) |
| <10 | 11 (11.3%) |
| 10 to 30 | 13 (13.4%) |
| 31 to 60 | 21 (21.6%) |
| 3 to 5 months | 20 (20.6%) |
| 6 months to 1 year | 23 (23.7%) |
| >1 year | 9 (9.3%) |
Table 6
Average Medical and Work Loss Costs from Injury.
| Mean (95% Confidence Interval) | |
|---|---|
| Medical Costs (n = 83) | $451.20 ($330.35–$572.05) |
| Work Loss Cost (n = 47) | $627.05 ($333.36–$920.75) |
| Combined Cost | $1,078.25 |
Table 7
Comparing Disabled and Abled Patients.
| Disabled | Not disabled | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Received Treatment | 62/103 = 60.19% | 25/63 = 39.68% | 0.01 |
| Currently Working | 6/113 = 5.3% | 38/73 = 52.0% | <.001 |
| Received Other Care | 73/93 = 78.5% | 48/76 = 73.0% | .028 |
| Has Insurance | 51/112 = 45.5% | 48/76 = 63.2% | .018 |
Table 8
Difference between monthly income and hospital cost. (n = 44).
| Less than –$250 | 17 |
| –$250 to $0 | 16 |
| $1 to $250 | 9 |
| Greater than $250 | 2 |
Table 9
Comparing healthcare costs between patients with and without insurance. (n = 82).
| Total cost (mean, median) | |
|---|---|
| Insurance (n = 24) | $376.82 ($545), $195.50 ($92) |
| No Insurance (n = 58) | $473.94 ($545), $322 ($123) |
[i] No significant difference, p = .26.
Table 10
Comparing occupation & health insurance.
| Occupation (n = 158) | Insurance | No Insurance |
|---|---|---|
| Farmer (n = 52) | 28 | 24 |
| Business/Office-based profession (n = 39) | 18 | 21 |
| Student (n = 18) | 9 | 9 |
| Retired (n = 6) | 5 | 1 |
| Teacher (n = 12) | 11 | 1 |
| Laborer (n = 6) | 4 | 2 |
| Driver (n = 8) | 2 | 6 |
| Police Officer (n = 1) | 1 | 0 |
| House wife (n = 3) | 2 | 1 |
| Unemployed (n = 11) | 5 | 6 |
| Prisoner (n = 2) | 0 | 2 |
| Total (n = 158) | 85 | 73 |
| Occupation (n = 158) | Insurance | No Insurance |
| Salaried (n = 124) | 69 | 55 |
| Unsalaried (n = 34) | 16 | 18 |
| Total (n = 158) | 85 | 73 |
[i] No significant difference, p = .37.
Table 11
Comparison of Injury & Disability Studies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
| Moshi, Tanzania (Current Study) | 7 states in Nigeria (Julliard et al. 2010) | Mulago, Uganda (O’ Hara et al. 2015) | Asante, Ghana (Mock et al. 2003) | Khartoum, Sudan (El Tayeb et al. 2015) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | 200 patients with orthopedic disease (clinic) | 127 patients from road traffic accidents (community) | 64 patients with lower extremity fractures (in-hospital) | 1542 patients with injuries (community) | 441 persons with non-fatal injuries (community) |
| % of patients disabled post-injury during survey | 52.9% | 67.6% | – | 67% | – |
| Mean disability days | 232.9 | – | – | Urban: 31.4 Rural: 26.4 | 14.9 |
| % of patients with >30 days disability | 75.3% | 19.6% | – | – | – |
| % of patients who lost employment | 40.6% | – | 47% | – | 9.3% |
| % of patients who lost wages | 86.7% | 88% | – | 83% | – |