Figure 1
Location of Panchkula District and Nanakpur’s three subcenters. Clusters interviewed in each subcenter are listed, as well as the number of households surveyed.
Figure 2
Hierarchy of health care facilities in rural India. The interaction between villages, private and public health care facilities, and ASHAs is indicated, along with the number of individuals served at each level of care [27].
Table 1
Demographic data for surveyed individuals based on current surgical need.
| Characteristic | Total population N = 93 | No current need N = 28 | Current need N = 65 | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | |||||
| Age (years)† | 35 (26, 50) | 33 (25, 49) | 46.5 (31, 60) | 0.034§ | |
| Sex | Female | 80 (86.0) | 58 (89.2) | 22 (78.6) | 0.174 |
| Education | None | 35 (37.6) | 22 (33.8) | 13 (46.4) | 0.251 |
| Some | 58 (62.4) | 43 (66.1) | 15 (53.6) | ||
| Literacy | Yes | 55 (59.1) | 40 (61.5) | 15 (53.6) | 0.473 |
| Occupation | Unemployed/Homemaker | 71 (76.3) | 51 (78.5) | 20 (71.4) | 0.464 |
| Employed outside | 22 (23.7) | 14 (21.5) | 8 (28.6) | ||
[i] * Current need vs. no current need using Pearson’s chi-squared test.
† Median (IQR).
§ Kruskal-Wallis test.
Table 2
Anatomic location of conditions with current surgical need.
| Anatomic location | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Face, head, neck | 2 (7) |
| Chest | 1 (4) |
| Back | 1 (4) |
| Abdomen | 3 (11) |
| Groin | 4 (14) |
| Extremities | 17 (60) |
| TOTAL | 28 (100) |
Table 3
Predictors for accessing surgical care by facility level and current surgical need.
| Facility level | Access variable | No current need | Current need | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | |||||
| Primary | Transport type | On foot/carried | 7 (11.3) | 2 (8.0) | 0.313 |
| Personal | 21 (33.9) | 4 (16.0) | |||
| Public | 22 (35.5) | 13 (52.0) | |||
| Don’t go | 12 (19.4) | 6 (24.0) | |||
| Travel time (min)† | 30 (15, 60) | 30 (15, 60) | 0.873§ | ||
| Transport wait time (min)† | 0 (0, 15) | 0 (0, 15) | 0.966§ | ||
| Cost (Indian rupee)† | 0 (0, 10) | 10 (0, 10) | 0.182§ | ||
| Availability of | Yes/NA | 34 (85.0) | 14 (77.8) | 0.501 | |
| transport money | No | 6 (15.0) | 4 (22.2) | ||
| Secondary | Transport type | On foot/carried | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.284 |
| Personal | 18 (30.0) | 4 (16.0) | |||
| Public | 30 (50.0) | 17 (68.0) | |||
| Don’t go | 12 (20.0) | 4 (16.0) | |||
| Travel time (min)† | 30 (30, 60) | 60 (30, 60) | 0.0495§ | ||
| Transport wait time (min)† | 15 (0, 30) | 15 (0, 30) | 0.929§ | ||
| Cost (Indian rupee)† | 20 (0, 25) | 20 (20, 20) | 0.730§ | ||
| Availability of | Yes/NA | 29 (78.4) | 14 (77.8) | 0.960 | |
| transport money | No | 8 (21.6) | 4 (22.2) | ||
| Tertiary | Transport type | On foot/carried | 2 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.225 |
| Personal | 20 (31.8) | 4 (15.4) | |||
| Public | 18 (28.6) | 12 (46.2) | |||
| Don’t go | 23 (36.5) | 10 (38.5) | |||
| Travel time (min)† | 60 (45, 60) | 90 (60, 150) | 0.0626§ | ||
| Transport wait time (min)† | 5 (0, 30) | 12.5 (0, 45) | 0.742§ | ||
| Cost (Indian rupee)† | 10 (0, 35) | 30 (0, 35) | 0.305§ | ||
| Availability of | Yes/NA | 29 (85.3) | 13 (92.9) | 0.471 | |
| transport money | No | 5 (14.7) | 1 (7.1) | ||
[i] * Current need vs. no current need using Pearson’s chi-squared test.
† Median (IQR).
§ Kruskal-Wallis test.