Table 1
Socioeconomic characteristics of the migrant and local hypertensive patients.
| Characteristics | Total | Locals | Migrants | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage (%) | Frequency | Percentage (%) | Frequency | Percentage (%) | ||
| Age (n = 996) (mean, SD) | 55.48 | 11.35 | 59.40 | 11.96 | 54.82 | 11.15 | <0.001 |
| 18–44 | 172 | 17.3 | 15 | 11.2 | 149 | 18.7 | 0.001 |
| 45–60 | 476 | 47.8 | 53 | 39.6 | 389 | 48.7 | |
| >60 | 348 | 34.9 | 66 | 49.3 | 260 | 32.6 | |
| Gender (n = 977) | |||||||
| Male | 584 | 59.8 | 77 | 58.3 | 468 | 59.7 | 0.768 |
| Female | 393 | 40.2 | 55 | 41.7 | 316 | 40.3 | |
| Education (n = 1027) | |||||||
| Primary school and below | 283 | 27.6 | 32 | 23.0 | 231 | 28.4 | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 359 | 35.0 | 37 | 26.6 | 296 | 36.4 | |
| High school and equivalent | 262 | 25.5 | 37 | 26.6 | 209 | 25.7 | |
| 3-year college and above | 123 | 12.0 | 33 | 23.7 | 78 | 9.6 | |
| Occupation (n = 1020) | |||||||
| Employed | 561 | 55.0 | 60 | 42.6 | 460 | 56.6 | 0.002 |
| Unemployed | 459 | 45.0 | 81 | 57.4 | 353 | 43.4 | |
| Year of hypertension (mean, SD) | 6.08 | 6.00 | 7.27 | 6.41 | 5.82 | 5.70 | 0.009 |
| Family history of hypertension (n = 996) | |||||||
| Yes | 454 | 45.6 | 65 | 48.1 | 359 | 45.3 | 0.046 |
| No | 377 | 37.9 | 57 | 42.2 | 290 | 36.6 | |
| Unknown | 165 | 16.6 | 13 | 9.6 | 144 | 18.2 | |
Table 2
Social capital and health outcomes of the respondents by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Characteristics | Social capital, mean(SE) | Health outcomes, n(%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organizations | P | Contacts | P | BP control | P | SRH | P | |
| Registration status | ||||||||
| Locals | 2.33(0.19) | 10.87(0.17) | * | 79(56.4) | ** | 99(73.9) | ||
| Migrants | 2.06(0.07) | 10.41(0.07) | 360(43.6) | 525(68.4) | ||||
| Covariates | ||||||||
| Age (n = 996) | ||||||||
| 18–44 | 2.30(0.15) | 10.74(0.16) | * | 68(39.8) | 106(66.3) | |||
| 45–60 | 2.10(0.10) | 10.57(0.09) | 222(47.2) | 311(69.7) | ||||
| >60 | 1.93(0.12) | 10.24(0.11) | 158(45.9) | 222(68.7) | ||||
| Gender (n = 977) | ||||||||
| Male | 2.22(0.09) | * | 10.47(0.09) | 263(45.7) | 374(68.6) | |||
| Female | 1.86(0.11) | 10.46(0.10) | 182(46.7) | 252(69.6) | ||||
| Education (n = 1027) | ||||||||
| Primary school and below | 1.38(0.10) | *** | 10.10(0.12) | *** | 118(42.0) | 178(67.4) | ||
| Middle school | 1.97(0.11) | 10.60(0.11) | 172(48.5) | 229(70.0) | ||||
| High school and equivalent | 2.64(0.14) | 10.84(0.12) | 119(45.6) | 170(70.0) | ||||
| 3-year college and above | 2.91(0.21) | 10.42(0.20) | 57(46.3) | 82(68.9) | ||||
| Occupation (n = 1020) | ||||||||
| Employed | 2.38(0.09) | *** | 10.62(0.09) | * | 262(47.3) | 358(69.0) | ||
| Unemployed | 1.75(0.10) | 10.32(0.09) | 197(43.3) | 296(68.8) | ||||
| Family history of hypertension (n = 996) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.12(0.10) | ** | 10.50(0.10) | 197(43.8) | 271(63.5) | ** | ||
| No | 2.26(0.11) | 10.58(0.11) | 184(49.2) | 249(71.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 1.55(0.16) | 10.18(0.14) | 75(46.3) | 119(77.3) | ||||
[i] * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.
Figure 1
Multiple linear regression models for testing the association between regression status and structural social capital. Contacts: –0.457(–0.866, –0.048) P = 0.028. No. of organizations: –0.237(–0.642,0.169) P = 0.252.
Table 3
The association between registration status and BP control.
| Independent variables | BP control# | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Registration status | ||||
| Locals | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Migrants | 0.557(0.364,0.852)** | 0.576(0.366,0.907)* | 0.587(0.382,0900)* | 0.602(0.381,0.950)* |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age (n = 996) (mean, SD) | 1.002(0.985,1.019) | 1.006(0.988,1.024) | 1.002(0.985,1.019) | 1.006(0.988,1.024) |
| Gender (n = 977) | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.341(0.964,1.865) | 1.465(1.033,2.079)* | 1.300(0.933,1.811) | 1.430(1.006,2.033)* |
| Education (n = 1027) | ||||
| Primary school and below | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle school | 1.419(0.957,2.102) | 1.523(1.002,2.314)* | 1.398(0.941,2.077) | 1.506(0.88,2.295) |
| High school and equivalent | 1.234(0.801,1.901) | 1.194(0.743,1.919) | 1.233(0.799,1.904) | 1.201(0.747,1.932) |
| 3-year college and above | 1.413(0.807,2.472) | 1.561(0.860,2.831) | 1.411(0.807,2.468) | 1.553(0.856,2.819) |
| Occupation (n = 1020) | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Unemployed | 0.814(0.548,1.208) | 0.753(0.492,1.153) | 0.827(0.556,1.230) | 0.758(0.494,1.162) |
| Year of hypertension | 0.985(0.958,1.012) | 0.986(0.958,1.014) | 0.985(0.959,1.013) | 0.986(0.958,1.015) |
| Family history of hypertension (n = 996) | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.089(0.791,1.500) | 1.135(0.809,1.593) | 1.077(0.781,1.484) | 1.127(0.802,1.584) |
| Unknown | 1.095(0.720,1.663) | 1.188(0.756,1.866) | 1.119(0.734,1.704) | 1.216(0.772,1.915) |
| Structural social capital | ||||
| Organizations | 0.977(0.900,1.061) | 0.975(0.896,1.060) | ||
| Contacts | 1.012(0.941,1.088) | 0.990(0.914,1.072) | ||
[i] # Multiple logistic regression models.
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.
Table 4
The association between registration status and SRH.
| Independent variables | SRH# | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Registration status | ||||
| Locals | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Migrants | 1.374(0.849,2.225) | 1.408(0.837,2.367) | 1.257(0.771,2.049) | 1.336(0.789,2.261) |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age (n = 996) (mean, SD) | 0.997(0.979,1.016) | 1.003(0.983,1.023) | 0.996(0.977,1.015) | 1.001(0.981,1.021) |
| Gender (n = 977) | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.866(0.601,1.247) | 0.892(0.605,1.317) | 0.907(0.626,1.314) | 0.928(0.625,1.377) |
| Education (n = 1027) | ||||
| Primary school and below | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle school | 0.814(0.528,1.255) | 0.793(0.499,1.261) | 0.831(0.535,1.289) | 0.785(0.490,1.258) |
| High school and equivalent | 0.805(0.502,1.289) | 0.803(0.478,1.348) | 0.854(0.529,1.377) | 0.835(0.495,1.408) |
| 3-year college and above | 0.862(0.470,1.579) | 0.855(0.446,1.639) | 0.827(0.448,1.524) | 0.798(0.413,1.541) |
| Occupation (n = 1020) | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Unemployed | 0.932(0.603,1.440) | 0.769(0.481,1.231) | 0.888(0.571,1.382) | 0.745(0.463,1.200) |
| Year of hypertension | 1.026(0.997,1.056) | 1.025(0.995,1.057) | 1.024(0.995,1.055) | 1.023(0.992,1.055) |
| Family history of hypertension (n = 996) | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 0.749(0.528,1.062) | 0.676(0.465,0.983)* | 0.762(0.535,1.085) | 0.686(0.470,1.002) |
| Unknown | 0.556(0.342,0.903)* | 0.493(0.291,0.838)** | 0.539(0.330,0.879)* | 0.487(0.285,0.832)** |
| Structural social capital | ||||
| Organizations | 0.953(0.868,1.047) | 0.983(0.893,1.082) | ||
| Contacts | 0.870(0.803,0.943)** | 0.861(0.788,0.941)** | ||
[i] # Multiple logistic regression models.
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.