Urbanization and Socioeconomic Disparities in Hypertension among Older Adult Women in Sudan

Variables	Total		Non-Hypertensive		Hypertensive		p-value
Variables	N	%	n	%	n	%
Total Sample	5218*	100	4670*	89.5	548*	10.5
50–54	2180	42.0	2020	92.7	160	7.3	<0.001
55–59	861	16.6	772	89.7	89	10.3
60–64	761	14.7	657	86.3	104	13.7
≥65	1388	26.7	1193	86.0	195	14.0
No school	4257	81.6	3871	90.9	386	9.1	<0.001
Primary ^†	830	15.9	697	84.0	133	16.0
Secondary	130	2.5	101	77.7	29	22.3
Not working	4201	81.3	3738	89.0	463	11.0	0.009
Working	966	18.7	887	91.8	79	8.2
Never married	110	2.1	102	92.7	8	7.3	0.433
Married	3035	58.3	2721	89.7	314	10.3
Divorced/widowed	2061	39.6	1836	89.1	225	10.9
Rural	3474	66.6	3183	91.6	291	8.4	<0.001
Urban	1744	33.4	1487	85.3	257	14.7
First (low)	817	15.7	800	97.9	17	2.1	<0.001
Second	1156	22.2	1113	96.3	43	3.7
Third	1125	21.6	1027	91.3	98	8.7
Fourth	1067	20.4	902	84.5	165	15.5
Fifth (high)	1053	20.2	828	78.6	225	21.4

[i] * The subtotals for each variable do not necessarily add to the grand total because of missing data.

^† This includes in addition to primary education, khalwa and adult learning.

Prevalence rates of hypertension among older adult Sudanese women by wealth index and urban/rural areas of residence (n = 5218), Sudan Health Household Survey, 2010.
Sample size 1744 for urban and 474 for rural.

Table 2

Association between co-variates and the wealth index, SHHS, 2010.

	Wealth Index quintiles															p-value
	First (low)			Second			Third			Forth			Fifth (high)			p-value
	n		%	n		%	n		%	n		%	n		%
Mean wealth score ± SD	–1.03	±	0.08	–0.71	±	0.12	–0.13	±	0.22	0.70	±	0.26	1.82	±	0.56
50–54	329		15.1	524		24.0	479		22.0	437		20.0	411		18.9	0.152
55–59	136		15.8	194		22.5	178		20.7	175		20.3	178		20.7
60–64	136		17.9	147		19.3	168		22.1	149		19.6	161		21.2
≥65	210		15.1	284		20.5	295		21.3	297		21.4	302		21.8
Education
No school	789		18.5	1097		25.8	972		22.8	807		19.0	592		13.9	<0.001
Primary*	28		3.4	59		7.1	146		17.6	242		29.2	355		42.8
Secondary	0			0			7		5.4	18		13.8	105		80.8
Work status
Working	237		24.5	270		28.0	189		19.6	130		13.5	140		14.5	<0.001
Not working	574		13.7	865		20.6	925		22.0	930		22.1	907		21.6
Never married (single)	13		11.8	15		13.6	24		21.8	27		24.5	31		28.2	<0.001
Married	472		15.6	651		21.4	630		20.8	619		20.4	663		21.8
Divorced/widowed	332		16.1	486		23.6	466		22.6	418		20.3	359		17.4
Rural	783		22.5	1031		29.7	698		20.1	582		16.8	380		10.9	<0.001
Urban	34		1.9	125		7.2	427		24.5	485		27.8	673		38.6

Table 3

Associations between wealth index and hypertension in the total sample and by urban/rural area of the dwelling, SHHS, 2010.

	Total sample		Rural		Urban
	Adjusted OR*	95% CI	Adjusted OR^†	95% CI	Adjusted OR^†	95% CI
Wealth Index
First (low)	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Second	1.89	1.07–3.35	1.95	1.08–3.52	1.16	0.13–10.8
Third	4.52	2.67–7.67	5.25	3.01–9.15	2.35	0.31–17.9
Forth	8.33	4.97–13.9	8.27	4.78–14.3	5.68	0.76–42.4
Fifth (high)	11.4	6.73–19.2	11.4	6.45–20.0	7.50	1.01–55.8
Education
No school	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Primary	1.39	1.09–1.76	1.42	0.99–2.01	1.36	0.98–9.23
Secondary	1.76	1.11–2.78	0.79	0.27–2.30	2.14	1.25–7.90

[i] * OR is adjusted for age, education, marital status, and urban/rural area of living.

^† OR is adjusted for age, education, marital status.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2404 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996

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Language: English

Published on: Mar 5, 2019

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2019 Shahd Osman, Christy Costanian, Nur Beyhan Annan, Fouad M. Fouad, Miran Jaffa, Abla M. Sibai, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 85 (2019): Issue 1

Urbanization and Socioeconomic Disparities in Hypertension among Older Adult Women in Sudan

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