Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Global Critical Care: Moving Forward in Resource-Limited Settings Cover

Global Critical Care: Moving Forward in Resource-Limited Settings

Open Access
|Jan 2019

References

  1. Marshall JC, Bosco L, Adhikari NK, et al. What is an intensive care unit? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care. 2017; 37: 270276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.015
  2. Fowler RA, Adhikari NKJ and Bhagwanjee S. Clinical review: critical care in the global context—disparities in burden of illness, access, and economics. Crit Care. 2008; 12(5): 225. DOI: 10.1186/cc6984
  3. Vukoja M, Riviello E, Gavrilovic S, et al. A survey on critical care resources and practices in low- and middle-income countries. Glob Heart. 2014; 9(3): 33742.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.08.002
  4. Adhikari NKJ, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S and Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet. 2010; 376(9749): 13391346. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60446-1
  5. Vincent J-L, Marshall JC, Namendys-Silva SA, et al. Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the intensive care over nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respir Med. 2014; 2(5): 380386. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70061-X
  6. Riviello ED, Sugira V and Twagirumugabe T. Sepsis research and the poorest of the poor. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015; 15(5): 501503. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70148-9
  7. Ferreira JC, Medeiros P, Rego FM and Caruso P. Risk factors for noninvasive ventilation failure in cancer patients in the intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study. J Crit Care. 2015; 30(5): 10031007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.04.121
  8. Duggal A, Pinto R, Rubenfeld G and Fowler RA. Global variability in reported mortality for critical illness during the 2009–10 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic: A systematic review and meta-regression to guide reporting of outcomes during disease outbreaks. Cowling BJ (ed.), PLoS One. 2016; 11(5): e0155044. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155044
  9. Dünser MW, Baelani I and Ganbold L. A review and analysis of intensive care medicine in the least developed countries. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(4): 12341242. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000208360.70835.87
  10. Murthy S and Adhikari NK. Global health care of the critically ill in low-resource settings. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013; 10(5): 509513. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201307-246OT
  11. Mendsaikhan N, Begzjav T, Lundeg G and Dünser MW. Potentially Preventable Deaths by Intensive Care Medicine in Mongolian Hospitals. Crit Care Res Pract. 2016; 2016: 8624035. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8624035
  12. Kwizera A, Dünser M and Nakibuuka J. National intensive care unit bed capacity and ICU patient characteristics in a low income country. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5(1): 475. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-475
  13. Papali A, Verceles AC, Augustin ME, et al. Sepsis in Haiti: Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes in a Port-au-Prince referral hospital. J Crit Care. 2017; 38: 3540. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.031
  14. Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Twagirumugabe T, et al. Hospital Incidence and Outcomes of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Using the Kigali Modification of the Berlin Definition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 193(1): 5259. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201503-0584OC
  15. Azevedo LCP, Park M, Salluh JIF, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients requiring ventilatory support in Brazilian intensive care units: A multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Crit Care. 2013; 17(2): R63. DOI: 10.1186/cc12594
  16. Barreira ER, Munoz GOC, Cavalheiro PO, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children according to the Berlin definition: A multicenter prospective study. Crit Care Med. 2015; 43(5): 947953. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000866
  17. Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA and Knaus WA. Changes in hospital mortality for United States intensive care unit admissions from 1988 to 2012. Crit Care. 2013; 17(2): R81. DOI: 10.1186/cc12695
  18. Ballot DE, Davies VA, Cooper PA, Chirwa T, Argent A and Mer M. Retrospective cross-sectional review of survival rates in critically ill children admitted to a combined paediatric/neonatal intensive care unit in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2013–2015. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(6): e010850. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010850
  19. Musa N, Murthy S and Kissoon N. Pediatric sepsis and septic shock management in resource-limited settings. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(12): 20372039. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4382-8
  20. Dünser MW, Festic E, Dondorp A, et al. Recommendations for sepsis management in resource-limited settings. Intensive Care Med. 2012; 38(4): 557574. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2468-5
  21. Baker T. Critical care in low-income countries. Trop Med Int Heal. 2009; 14(2): 143148. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02202.x
  22. Stafford RE, Morrison CA, Godfrey G and Mahalu W. Challenges to the provision of emergency services and critical care in resource-constrained settings. Glob Heart. 2014; 9(3): 319323. DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.08.005
  23. United Nations. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.who.int/sdg/en/ Published 2018.
  24. Gostin LO. Why rich countries should care about the world’s least healthy people. JAMA. 2007; 298(1): 8992. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.1.89
  25. Nic Carthaigh N, De Gryse B, Esmati AS, et al. Patients struggle to access effective health care due to ongoing violence, distance, costs and health service performance in Afghanistan. Int Health. 2015; 7(3): 169175. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihu086
  26. Burnham G, Malik S, Al-Shibli ASD, et al. Understanding the impact of conflict on health services in Iraq: information from 401 Iraqi refugee doctors in Jordan. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2012; 27(1): e5164. DOI: 10.1002/hpm.1091
  27. Suphanchaimat R, Kantamaturapoj K, Putthasri W and Prakongsai P. Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: A systematic review through providers’ lens. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015; 15: 390. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-015-1065-z
  28. Cowling BJ and Yu H. Ebola: Worldwide dissemination risk and response priorities. Lancet. 2015; 385(9962): 79. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61895-X
  29. Fineberg HV. Pandemic preparedness and response – Lessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370(14): 13351342. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1208802
  30. Poutanen SM, Low DE, Henry B, et al. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(20): 19952005. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030634
  31. Heymann DL, Chen L, Takemi K, et al. Global health security: The wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic. Lancet. 2015; 385(9980): 18841901. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60858-3
  32. Belle J, Cohen H, Shindo N, et al. Influenza preparedness in low-resource settings: A look at oxygen delivery in 12 African countries. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010; 4(7): 419424. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.859
  33. Murthy S, Leligdowicz A and Adhikari NKJ. Intensive care unit capacity in low-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2015; 10(1): e0116949. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116949
  34. Riviello ED, Letchford S, Achieng L and Newton MW. Critical care in resource-poor settings: Lessons learned and future directions. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39(4): 860867. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d6d5
  35. Marshall JC. Global collaboration in acute care clinical research. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45(2): 311320. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002211
  36. Prin M and Wunsch H. International comparisons of intensive care: Informing outcomes and improving standards. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012; 18(6): 700706. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835914d5
  37. Murthy S and Wunsch H. Clinical review: International comparisons in critical care-lessons learned. Crit Care. 2012; 16(2): 218. DOI: 10.1186/cc11140
  38. Adhikari NKJJ and Rubenfeld GD. Worldwide demand for critical care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011; 17(6): 620625. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834cd39c
  39. Amin P, Fox-Robichaud A, Divatia JV, et al. The intensive care unit specialist: Report from the Task Force of World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care. 2016; 35: 223228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.001
  40. Karthikeyan B, Kadhiravan T, Deepanjali S and Swaminathan RP. Case-mix, care processes, and outcomes in medically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a low-resource setting from southern India: A prospective clinical case series. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135336. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135336
  41. Nkurunziza T, Toma G, Odhiambo J, et al. Referral patterns and predictors of referral delays for patients with traumatic injuries in rural Rwanda. Surgery. 2016; 160(6): 16361644. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.006
  42. Naidoo K, Singh J and Lalloo U. A critical analysis of ICU/HC beds in South Africa: 2008–2009. S Afr Med J. 2013; 103(10): 7513. Sep 3. DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.6415
  43. Acharya SP. Critical care medicine in Nepal: Where are we? Int Health. 2013; 5(2): 9295. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/iht010
  44. Mendsaikhan N, Begzjav T, Lundeg G, Brunauer A and Dünser MW. A nationwide census of ICU capacity and admissions in Mongolia. PLoS One. 2016; 11(8): e0160921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160921
  45. Moran JL, Bristow P, Solomon PJ, George C and Hart GK. Mortality and length-of-stay outcomes, 1993–2003, in the binational Australian and New Zealand intensive care adult patient database. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(1): 4661. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295313.08084.58
  46. Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, et al. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(26): 24832495. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
  47. Andrews B, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC and Bernard GR. Simplified severe sepsis protocol: A randomized controlled trial of modified early goal-directed therapy in Zambia. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42(11): 23152324. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000541
  48. Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, et al. Effect of an early resuscitation protocol on in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis and hypotension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017; 318(13): 12331240. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.10913
  49. Jordan J, Rose L, Dainty KN, Noyes J and Blackwood B. Factors that impact on the use of mechanical ventilation weaning protocols in critically ill adults and children: A qualitative evidence-synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 10: CD011812. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011812.pub2
  50. Papali A, McCurdy MT and Calvello EJB. A “three delays” model for severe sepsis in resource-limited countries. J Crit Care. 2015; 30(4): 861.e914. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.04.003
  51. Baelani I, Jochberger S, Laimer T, et al. Availability of critical care resources to treat patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in Africa: A self-reported, continent-wide survey of anaesthesia providers. Crit Care. 2011; 15(1): R10. DOI: 10.1186/cc9410
  52. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45(3): 486552. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255
  53. Phua J, Koh Y, Du B, et al. Management of severe sepsis in patients admitted to Asian intensive care units: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011; 342: d3245. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d3245
  54. Kruisselbrink R, Kwizera A, Crowther M, et al. Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) identifies critical illness among ward patients in a resource restricted setting in Kampala, Uganda: A prospective observational study. PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0151408. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151408
  55. Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Fowler RA, et al. Predicting mortality in low-income country ICUs: The Rwanda Mortality Probability Model (R-MPM). PLoS One. 2016; 11(5): e0155858. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155858
  56. Olson D, Davis NL, Milazi R, et al. Development of a severity of illness scoring system (inpatient triage, assessment and treatment) for resource-constrained hospitals in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health. 2013; 18(7): 871878. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12137
  57. Mpimbaza A, Sears D, Sserwanga A, et al. Admission risk score to predict inpatient pediatric mortality at four public hospitals in Uganda. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0133950. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133950
  58. Soares M and Salluh JIF. Validation of the SAPS 3 admission prognostic model in patients with cancer in need of intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32(11): 18391844. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0374-4
  59. Moreno RP, Metnitz PGH, Almeida E, et al. SAPS 3—From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med. 2005; 31(10): 13451355. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2763-5
  60. Ho LO, Li H, Shahidah N, Koh ZX, Sultana P and Hock Ong ME. Poor performance of the modified early warning score for predicting mortality in critically ill patients presenting to an emergency department. World J Emerg Med. 2013; 4(4): 273278. DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.04.005
  61. Wheeler I, Price C, Sitch A, et al. Early warning scores generated in developed healthcare settings are not sufficient at predicting early mortality in Blantyre, Malawi: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(3): e59830. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059830
  62. Blanch L, Abillama FF, Amin P, et al. Triage decisions for ICU admission: Report from the Task Force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care. 2016; 36: 301305. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.014
  63. Christian MD, Devereaux AV, Dichter JR, Rubinson L and Kissoon N. Introduction and executive summary: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest. 2014; 146(4 Suppl): 8S34S. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0732
  64. Papali A, Schultz MJ and Dünser MW. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Global Intensive Care working group and The Mahidol–Oxford Research Unit (MORU) in Bangkok, Thailand. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44(7): 11331137. July. Epub 2017 Nov 20. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4972-0
  65. Oliveira CF, Nogueira de Sa FR, Oliveira DSF, et al. Time- and fluid-sensitive resuscitation for hemodynamic support of children in septic shock: Barriers to the implementation of the American College of Critical Care Medicine/Pediatric Advanced Life Support Guidelines in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008; 24(12): 810815. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31818e9f3a
  66. Joynt GM, Zimmerman J, Li TST and Gomersall CD. A systematic review of short courses for nonspecialist education in intensive care. J Crit Care. 2011; 26(5): 533.e1533.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.01.007
  67. Turner EL, Nielsen KR, Jamal SM, von Saint André-von Arnim A and Musa NL. A review of pediatric critical care in resource-limited settings: A look at past, present, and future directions. Front Pediatr. 2016; 4: 5. February. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00005
  68. Alem A, Pain C, Araya M and Hodges BD. Co-creating a psychiatric resident program with Ethiopians, for Ethiopians, in Ethiopia: The Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Project (TAAPP). Acad Psychiatry. 2010; 34(6): 424432. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ap.34.6.424
  69. Sherman CB, Carter EJ, Braendli O, Getaneh A and Schluger NW. The East African Training Initiative (EATI): A model training program in pulmonary and critical care medicine for low-income countries. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016; 13(4): 451455. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201510-673OC
  70. Basic Assessment & Support in Intensive Care. https://www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk/web8/BASIC.htm.
  71. Diaz JV, Ortiz JR, Lister P, Shindo N, Adhikari NKJ and WHO Critical Care Training Short Course collaborators. Development of a short course on management of critically ill patients with acute respiratory infection and impact on clinician knowledge in resource-limited intensive care units. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018; May 4. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12569. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29727522; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6086848.
  72. The Network for Intensive Care Skills Training (NICST). http://www.nics-training.com.
  73. Beane A, Stephens T, De Silva AP, et al. A sustainable approach to training nurses in acute care skills in a resource limited setting (Network for Intensive Care Skills Training, NICST). Resuscitation. 2016; 101: e1e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.01.017
  74. De Silva AP, Stephens T, Welch J, et al. Nursing intensive care skills training: A nurse led, short, structured, and practical training program, developed and tested in a resource-limited setting. J Crit Care. 2015; 30(2): 438.e7438.e11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.10.024
  75. Buist AS and Parry V. The American Thoracic Society methods in epidemiologic, clinical, and operations research program. A research capacity-building program in low- and middle-income countries. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013; 10(4): 281289. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201304-081OT
  76. Binagwaho A, Kyamanywa P, Farmer PE, et al. The human resources for health program in Rwanda – New partnership. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(21): 20542059. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr1302176
  77. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 385(9963): 117171. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
  78. Dare AJ, Fu SH, Patra J, et al. Renal failure deaths and their risk factors in India 2001–13: Nationally representative estimates from the Million Death Study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2017; 5(1): e89e95. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30308-4
  79. Dare AJ, Ng-Kamstra JS, Patra J, et al. Deaths from acute abdominal conditions and geographical access to surgical care in India: A nationally representative spatial analysis. Lancet Glob Heal. 2015; 3(10): e64653. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00079-0
  80. Schell CO, Castegren M, Lugazia E, et al. Severely deranged vital signs as triggers for acute treatment modifications on an intensive care unit in a low-income country. BMC Res Notes. 2015; 8: 313. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1275-9
  81. Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA. 2016; 315(8): 788800. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0291
  82. Weiss SL, Fitzgerald JC, Pappachan J, et al. Global epidemiology of pediatric severe sepsis: The sepsis prevalence, outcomes, and therapies study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 191(10): 11471157. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2323OC
  83. Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: Association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40(11): 16231633. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3496-0
  84. Reinhart K, Daniels R, Kissoon N, O’Brien J, Machado FR and Jimenez E. The burden of sepsis – A call to action in support of World Sepsis Day 2013. J Crit Care. 2013; 28(4): 526528. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.04.012
  85. World Health Assembly Resolution – Improving the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Sepsis. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB140/B140_R5-en.pdf Published 2017.
  86. Schultz MJ, Dunser MW, Dondorp AM, et al. Current challenges in the management of sepsis in ICUs in resource-poor settings and suggestions for the future. Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(5): 612624. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4750-z
  87. Noritomi DT, Ranzani OT, Monteiro MB, et al. Implementation of a multifaceted sepsis education program in an emerging country setting: Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness in a long-term follow-up study. Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40(2): 182191. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3131-5
  88. Writing Group for the CHECKLIST-ICU Investigators and the Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet), Cavalcanti AB, Bozza FA, et al. Effect of a quality improvement intervention with daily round checklists, goal setting, and clinician prompting on mortality of critically ill patients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016; 315(14): 14801490. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.3463
  89. Vukoja M, Kashyap R, Gavrilovic S, et al. Checklist for early recognition and treatment of acute illness: International collaboration to improve critical care practice. World J Crit Care Med. 2015; 4(1): 5561. DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v4.i1.55
  90. Folayan MO, Brown B, Haire B, Yakubu A, Peterson K and Tegli J. Stakeholders’ engagement with Ebola therapy research in resource limited settings. BMC Infect Dis. 2015; 15: 242. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0950-8
  91. Dunning JW, Merson L, Rohde GGU, et al. Open source clinical science for emerging infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14(1): 89. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70327-X
  92. U.S. Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group Program for Emergency Preparedness ISAR and EIC. Short-period incidence study for severe acute respiratory infections: USA experience. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(12): 236. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000509318.34169.a4
  93. Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(1): 263306. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72
  94. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015; 16(5): 428439. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000350
  95. Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ and Festic E. Ventilatory support of patients with sepsis or septic shock in resource-limited settings. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(1): 100103. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4070-0
  96. Kwizera A, Festic E and Dünser MW. What’s new in sepsis recognition in resource-limited settings? Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(12): 20302033. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4222-x
  97. World Health Organization (WHO). Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses; 2013. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9241546700/en/.
  98. World Health Organization (WHO). Oxygen Therapy for Children: A Manual for Health Workers; 2016. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/child-oxygen-therapy/en/.
  99. World Health Organization (WHO). Paediatric Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment: Care of Critically-Ill Children Updated Guideline; 2016. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/paediatric-emergency-triage-update/en/.
  100. World Health Organization (WHO). IMAI District Clinician Manual: Hospital Care for Adolescents and Adults. 2011. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/imai/imai2011/en/.
  101. World Health Organization (WHO). Handbook for Clinical Management of Dengue WHO and Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) Report; 2012. http://www.who.int/denguecontrol/9789241504713/en/.
  102. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria; 2015. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/.
  103. World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever. A pocket guide for the front-line health worker; 2016. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/clinical-management-patients/en/.
  104. Clark M, Spry E, Daoh K, Baion D and Skordis-Worrall J. Reductions in inpatient mortality following interventions to improve emergency hospital care in Freetown, Sierra Leone. PLoS One. 2012; 7(9): e41458. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041458
  105. Papali A, Eoin West T, Verceles AC, et al. Treatment outcomes after implementation of an adapted WHO protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock in Haiti. J Crit Care. 2017; 41: 222228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.05.024
  106. Cubro H, Somun-Kapetanovic R, Thiery G, Talmor D and Gajic O. Cost-effectiveness of intensive care in a low-resource setting: A prospective cohort of medical critically ill patients. World J Crit Care Med. 2016; 5(2): 150164. DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i2.150
  107. Sutherland T, Musafiri S, Twagirumugabe T, Talmor D and Riviello ED. Oxygen as an essential medicine: Under- and over-treatment of hypoxemia in low- and high-income nations. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(10): e10156. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001912
  108. Risko N, Calvello EJ, de Ramirez SS, Narayan M and Hirshon JM. Including emergency and acute care as a global health priority. Int J Emerg Med. 2011; 4: 75. DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-75
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2413 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Published on: Jan 22, 2019
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2019 Janet V. Diaz, Elisabeth D. Riviello, Alfred Papali, Neill K.J. Adhikari, Juliana C. Ferreira, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.