Figure 1
Deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease per 100,000 habitants according to the 2013 Global Burden of Disease study in men (black bars) and women (grey bars). Includes bars for the world estimate (global) as well as for developed and developing countries.
Table 1
Prevalence of COPD in Population-based Surveys in Latin America.
| City | Altitude (metres above sea level) | Ever smokers (%) | Current smokers (%) | Cigarettes/day in smokers | Average pack-years in smokers | COPD (%) | COPD (GOLD 2–4) (%) | COPD (FEV1/FVC <LLN) (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sao Paulo | 800 | 56.7 | 24.0 | 15.4 | 24.5 | 15.8 | 6.0 | 9.7 |
| Mexico | 2240 | 43.8 | 25.3 | 6.0 | 10.3 | 7.8 | 2.7 | 3.4 |
| Montevideo | 35 | 57.4 | 28.4 | 15.3 | 27.6 | 19.7 | 7.8 | 9.8 |
| Santiago | 543 | 66.4 | 38.5 | 8.2 | 16.0 | 16.9 | 6.3 | 8.6 |
| Caracas | 950 | 57.7 | 28.5 | 10.5 | 18.9 | 12.1 | 6.2 | 6.7 |
| Barranquilla* | 18 | 45.0 | 13.9 | 8.9 | 14.4 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 2.7 |
| Bogota* | 2640 | 47.5 | 17.0 | 9.3 | 17.2 | 8.5 | 5.0 | 4.8 |
| Bucaramanga* | 960 | 43.2 | 13.0 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 4.4 |
| Cali* | 995 | 46.0 | 17.6 | 8.6 | 14.8 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Medellin* | 1538 | 60.5 | 29.8 | 11.9 | 21.2 | 13.6 | 8.9 | 8.7 |
[i] COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, LLN: Lower Limit of Normal, the 5th percentile of gender-age and height expected values from a healthy population.
*Obtained from the PREPOCOL study in Colombia, which used the turbine based Micro-loop, micro-medical spirometer. Other data from the PLATINO, based on measurements conducted with the ultrasonic based Easy-One spirometer.
Figure 2
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Latin American cities by three spirometric definitions. Black bars LLN, white bars FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (global initiative for obstructive lung diseases), grey bars FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and FEV1 < 80% predicted (global initiative for obstructive lung diseases stages 2–4).
Figure 3
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Latin American cities and altitude above sea level. The unlabeled marker in the lower left extreme corresponds to Barranquilla and that in the right axis to Bogota, both in Colombia.
Figure 4
Dependence of biomass fuel use (vertical axis) on socioeconomic status (gross national income, horizontal axis) with a higher use in rural areas (empty circles) than in urban areas (filled circles). Solid fuel use has decreased in the last years but relationship remains similar. RD: Dominican Republic.