Table 1
Description of risk factors and categorization of responses.
| Risk factor | Measures | Criteria | Example descriptive results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate prenatal care | Utilization of healthcare services during pregnancy and prenatal dietary supplementation | Did not seek any prenatal care from clinic or hospital, inadequate nutrition during pregnancy | Only took additional folate and vitamin supplements for 1 month Did not seek prenatal care from clinic or hospital |
| Inadequate nutrition | 24-hour food recall for child’s diet using USDA automated multiple-pass method [33] | Infant and Young Child Minimum Acceptable Diet indicator for children under the age of 2 (WHO 2009) OR dietary diversity score ≤4 for children between the ages of 2–5 [34] | Did not eat any sources of protein Did not eat any dairy products |
| Increased infectious disease risk | Utilization of healthcare services, perceived barriers to care, and infectious disease risk factor assessment (clean water practices, soap availability, animal contact, disease vectors) | 1. Poor access to care: no utilization of healthcare facility, >2 hours travel distance to clinic or hospital, inability to afford medical visit or medication, or description of lack of trust or poor care and 2. Increased risk of disease: inappropriate soap use, no access to potable water, more than weekly contact with animals, or no toilet in house | Use of a latrine Animals living in household Not changing filter on water source Description of not being able to get medications from public health post |
| High rate self-report illness | Self-report of frequent illness | Report by mother of child being sick >1 time a month | Fever Vomiting Stomach pain |
| Inadequate breast-feeding | Onset and duration of breastfeeding and timing of complementary feeding initiation | Inappropriate onset or duration of breastfeeding (<birth-2 years) or inadequate timing of transition to other foods (>6 months) [35] | Exclusive breastfeeding for longer than 6 months |
Table 2
Comparison of ANOVA results summarizing differences in mean HAZs based on risk factors.
| Group | Mean HAZs | Std. Dev. | 95% CI | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate prenatal care | –2.1 | 1.60 | (–3.58, –0.62) | 0.010 | 0.921 |
| Inadequate prenatal care | –2.2 | 1.28 | (–2.73, –1.59) | ||
| Adequate nutrition | –1.7 | 1.32 | (–2.33, –1.02) | 7.069 | 0.013 |
| Inadequate nutrition | –2.9 | 1.00 | (–3.58, –2.24) | ||
| No increased infectious disease risk | –2.1 | 0.26 | (–2.65, –1.57) | 0.61 | 0.807 |
| Increased infectious disease risk | –2.3 | 0.71 | (–4.10, –0.43) | ||
| Low rate self-report illness | –1.6 | 1.56 | (–2.44, –0.71) | 6.894 | 0.014 |
| High rate self-report illness | –2.8 | 0.65 | (–3.13, –2.38) | ||
| Adequate breastfeeding | –2.24 | 1.33 | (–2.91, –1.58) | 0.257 | 0.616 |
| Inadequate breastfeeding | –1.98 | 1.38 | (–2.91, –1.05) |