Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of children from Ticul.
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Children (N) | 41 |
| Boys (%) | 44 |
| Age (years) | 8.5 ± 2.5 |
| Height (cm) | 129.4 ± 12.5 |
| Weight (Kg) | 30.8 ± 9.8 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) (%) | |
| Underweight | 65 |
| Normal weight | 29 |
| Overweight | 6 |
| Height for age (Z-Score H/A)# % | |
| Moderate chronic undernutrition (<–2) | 9 |
| Severe chronic undernutrition (<–3) | 3 |
| Weight for age (Z-Score W/A)# % | |
| Overweight (>1) | 33 |
| Acute moderate malnutrition (<–2) | 9 |
| Child burden* (%) | 15 |
| Home/workplace° (%) | 44 |
| Drinking water (%) | 20 |
[i] # Calculated by Z ranges of child growth standards proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO).
* Children who study and work.
° Children whose workplace is inside the house they inhabit.
Table 2
Levels of benzene exposure.
| Workplace | Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 | BEI& |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inside (N = 18) | 0.59 | 1.09 | <LOD | 0.06 | 0.67 | 28 |
| Outside (N = 23) | 0.20 | 0.38 | <LOD | 0.00003 | 0.23 | 17 |
[i] Units expressed in mg tt-MA/g creatinine. & BEI; Biological exposure index (0.5 mg/g creatinine), expressed as percentage. * Limit of detection (LOD) for tt-MA was approximately 0.05 μ g/L. SD (Standar Deviation), P25, P50 and P75 (percentile).
Table 3
Urinary levels of renal damage biomarkers of Ticul children.
| Inside (N = 18) | Outside (N = 23) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 | Mean | SD | P25 | P50 | P75 |
| NGAL** | 12.9 | 25.1 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 11.5 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 12.5 |
| Albuminuria* | 25.6 | 32.6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 30.0 | 13.5 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| Cys-C** | 12.9 | 10.9 | 3.7 | 11.8 | 19.5 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 13.6 |
| OPN** | 213.7 | 126.0 | 95.5 | 224.4 | 331.4 | 227.7 | 114.6 | 166.8 | 226.5 | 295.3 |
| α1-MG** | 115.2 | 65.6 | 63.6 | 96.6 | 176.0 | 95.2 | 58.2 | 50.5 | 73.6 | 144.9 |
[i] NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Cys-C: cystatin-C. OPN: Osteopontin. a1-MG: α 1-Microglobulin. Mean, SD (Standar Deviation), P25, P50 and P75 (percentile) as: * mg/l and ** ng/ml.