Table 1
Age and sex distribution of study participants.
| HIV seropositive participants (Case) | HIV seronegative participants (control) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Male | Female | Total (%) | Male | Female | Total (%) |
| 15–24 | 53 | 54 | 107 (12.0%) | 16 | 9 | 25 (16.7%) |
| 25–34 | 114 | 171 | 285 (32.0%) | 23 | 24 | 47 (31.3%) |
| 35–44 | 117 | 129 | 246 (27.6%) | 25 | 29 | 54 (36.0%) |
| 45–54 | 120 | 61 | 181 (20.3%) | 6 | 8 | 14 (9.3%) |
| >55 | 44 | 28 | 72 (8.1%) | 3 | 7 | 10 (6.7%) |
| Total | 448 (50.3%) | 443 (49.7%) | 891 (100%) | 73 (48.7%) | 77 (51.3%) | 50 (100%) |
Table 2
Distribution of HIV positive participants based on their CD+4 t-lymphocytes levels.
| CD+4 Levels (cells/mm3) | No. of participants (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <200 | 3 (0.3%) | 0.001 | * |
| ≥200 <350 | 114 (12.8%) | ||
| ≥350 <500 | 133 (14.9%) | ||
| ≥500 | 641 (71.9%) | ||
| Total | 891 (100.0%) | ||
Table 3
Distribution of gastrointestinal parasites among HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals.
| Gastrointestinal Parasites | HIV positive | HIV Negative | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |||
| Blastocystis hominis | 2(1.1%) | 4(2.1%) | 6(2.3%) | 1(1.3%) | 0(0.0%) | 1(0.4%) | 0.333 | |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 8(4.3%) | 11(5.9%) | 19(7.1%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.003 | * |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | 6(3.2%) | 3(1.6%) | 9(3.4%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.011 | * |
| Cystoisospora belli | 3(1.6%) | 6(3.2%) | 9(3.4%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.011 | * |
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | 2(1.1%) | 3(1.6%) | 5(1.9%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.059 | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 8(4.3%) | 11(5.9%) | 19(7.1%) | 3(3.8%) | 5(6.3%) | 8(3.0%) | 0.993 | |
| Entamoeba coli | 8(4.3%) | 13(7.0%) | 21(7.9%) | 2(2.5%) | 3(3.8%) | 5(1.9%) | 0.202 | |
| Giardia lamblia | 8(4.3%) | 12(6.4%) | 20(7.5%) | 2(2.5%) | 5(6.3%) | 7(2.6%) | 0.647 | |
| Balantidium coli | 4(2.1%) | 6(3.2%) | 10(3.8%) | 2(2.5%) | 2(2.5%) | 4(1.5%) | 0.924 | |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 2(1.1%) | 2(1.1%) | 4(1.5%) | 1(1.3%) | 0(0.0%) | 1(0.4%) | 0.619 | |
| Taenia sp. | 14(7.5%) | 10(5.3%) | 24(9.0%) | 8(10.1%) | 7(8.9%) | 15(5.6%) | 0.204 | |
| Hookworm | 2(1.1%) | 3(1.6%) | 5(1.9%) | 5(6.3%) | 5(6.3%) | 10(3.8%) | 0.002 | * |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 3(1.6%) | 2(1.1%) | 5(1.9%) | 2(2.5%) | 2(2.5%) | 4(1.5%) | 0.342 | |
| Trichuris trichiura | 1(0.5%) | 2(1.1%) | 3(1.1%) | 4(5.1%) | 2(2.5%) | 6(2.3%) | 0.020 | * |
| E. histolytica & Taenia sp. | 3(1.6%) | 7(3.7%) | 10(3.8%) | 2(2.5%) | 3(3.8%) | 5(1.9%) | 0.754 | |
| E. bieneusi & C. belli | (0.0%) | 1(0.5%) | 1(0.4%) | (0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.401 | |
| E. coli & G. lamblia | 1(0.5%) | 4(2.1%) | 5(1.9%) | 2(2.5%) | 3(3.8%) | 5(1.9%) | 0.170 | |
| E. histolytica & G. lamblia | 4(2.1%) | 5(2.7%) | 9(4.6%) | 3(3.8%) | 3(3.8%) | 6(2.3%) | 0.381 | |
| C. belli & S. stercoralis | (0.0%) | 3(1.6%) | 3(1.1%) | 0(0.0%) | 2(2.5%) | 2(0.8%) | 0.620 | |
| Total | 79(8.8%) | 108(12.1%) | 187(20.9%) | 37(24.7%) | 42(28.0%) | 79(52.7%) | ||
Table 4
Distribution of gastrointestinal parasite in relation to CD+4 cell counts.
| Parasites | CD+4 counts (cells/mm3) | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <200 | ≥200 <350 | ≥350 <500 | ≥500 | ||
| Blastocystis hominis | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 1 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 19 |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 9 |
| Cystoisospora belli | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 10 | 7 | 2 | 19 | |
| Entamoeba coli | 14 | 7 | 0 | 21 | |
| Giardia lamblia | 9 | 9 | 2 | 20 | |
| Balantidium coli | 6 | 4 | 10 | ||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Taenia sp. | 10 | 9 | 5 | 24 | |
| Hookworm | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Trichuris trichiura | 3 | 3 | |||
| E. histolytica & Taenia sp. | 6 | 4 | 10 | ||
| E. bieneusi & C. belli | 1 | 1 | |||
| E. coli & G. lamblia | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
| E. histolytica & G. lamblia | 5 | 4 | 9 | ||
| C. belli & S. stercoralis | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Total | 3 | 109 | 66 | 9 | 187 |
Table 5
Distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in relation to CD+4 cell counts and gender.
| Parasite | Male | Female | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <200 | ≥200 <350 | ≥350 <500 | ≥500 | <200 | ≥200 <350 | ≥350 <500 | ≥500 | ||
| Blastocystis hominis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | ||||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 5 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 19 | |||
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 | |||||
| Cystoisospora belli | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | ||||
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | ||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 19 | |||
| Entamoeba coli | 6 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 21 | ||||
| Giardia lamblia | 3 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 20 | ||
| Balantidium coli | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 10 | ||||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |||||
| Taenia sp. | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 24 | ||
| Hookworm | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | ||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | |||||
| Trichuris trichiura | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| E. histolytica & Taenia sp. | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 10 | ||||
| E. bieneusi & C. belli | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| E. coli & G.lamblia | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | |||||
| E. histolytica & G. lamblia | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9 | ||||
| C. belli & S. stercoralis | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
| Total | 1 | 45 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 64 | 36 | 6 | 187 |