Figure 1
Comparison of living conditions between IDPs and non-IDPs. All measures are stratified by geography and two time periods representing the post-election period (2013–2018) and the post-conflict period preceding the election (2009–2012). (a) Percent difference of access to private or shared bathrooms and kitchens, or the lack of either in the respondent’s residence, between IDPs and non-IDPs. (b) Percent difference in dwelling size. (c) Change in the difference between IDP and non-IDP dwelling size over time, calculated as the percent difference of (b) between the two time periods. (d) Status of home repairs according to the urgency of repairs and the severity of repair. (e) Percent difference in home ownership. (f) Percent difference in the self-perceived value of the respondent’s home according to what they believed others would pay to purchase their home.
Table 2
Mental health studies on IDPs in Georgia.
| Year | Survey | Author | Survey Size | Sample Population | Data Stratification | Conditions Studied | Findings | Diagnostic Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Psychosocial Examination of Children and IDP Women – Victims of Military Conflict on the Territory of the Republic of Georgia’ | OXFAM | 650 | Women and children | PTSD Migraine Sleep Disorders Depression | High rates of all studied conditions, including associated physiological symptoms (i.e heart and cardiovascular disease) | ||
| 2011 | Insomnia in a Displaced Population is Related to War-Associated Remembered Stress | Tamar Basishvili Marine Eliozishvili Lia Maisuradze Nani Lortkipanidze Nargiz Nachkebia Tengiz Oniani Irma Gvilia Nato Darchia | 105 | Collective CenterFrom Abkhazia | Age Gender Socio-economic level Marital Status Employment Livelihood Satisfaction | Insomnia | Incidence of insomnia was high and strongly associated with war-related stress, frequency of nightmares, perceived stress, and depression. Good sleepers were also significantly younger | Physician- and certified specialist-conducted sleep interviews and medical examinations DSM-IV Beck Depression Inventory Insomnia Severity Index Perceived Stress Scale |
| 2012 | Aging in Displacement: Assessing Health Status of Displaced Older Adults in the Republic of Georgia | Namrita S. Singh, Nana Sumbadze, Paul Clayton Perrin, Judith Bass, George W Rebok, Courtland Robinson | 899 | Elderly (65+) | Gender IDP Status Age (>60) Settlement Type (Private Accomodation and Collective Center) | Depression General Anxiety Disorder | New caseload IDPs had higher depression and anxiety scores and lower health scores, but fewer exposures to traumatic experiences IDPs living in state-owned collective centers had higher levels of depression and more problems with slef-care, pain/discomfort, and being anxious or depressed, as well as a lower overall health score compared to IDPs living in private accomodations | Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), EuroQol (EQ-5D and EQ-VAS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Armenian Dignity Scale (ADS), Alcohol Use Disorders Identifiction Test (AUDIT) |
| 2014 | Mental disorders and their association with disability among internally displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. | Nino Makhashvili, Ivdity Chikovani, Martin McKee, Jonathan Bisson, Vikram Patel, and Bayard Roberts | 3025 | Old Caseload (1193) New Caseload (996) Returnee (836) | Caseload Gender Age Trauma Exposure Cumulative Trauma Community Conditions Household Economic Status Physical Disability | Depression PTSD Anxiety | Prevalence for all conditions and comorbidity was significantly higher for old caseload IDPs relative to new caseload. Risk of all conditions increased according to gender (women are more vulnerable), older age, lower levels of education, greater exposure to traumatic events, poorer household economic status and community conditions, and increased levels of functional disability | Trauma Screening Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 |
| 2014 | Comparative Study of Psychological Well-Being and Posttraumatic Growth Indicators in IDP and Non-IDP Citizens of Georgia | Lili Khechuashvili | 589 | IDP and Non-IDP | IDP Status | Posttraumatic Growth Factor Well-Being | Measures were mostly the same between IDPs and non-IDPs, with the former scoring lower on opening new possibilities and the latter scoring lower on well-being scales with lower income | Posttraumatic growth inventory Psychological well-being scales |
| 2015 | Patterns of somatic distress among conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia | Comellas RM, Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, Patel V, McKee M, Bisson J, Roberts B. | 3600 | Old Caseload (1200) New Caseload (1200) Returnee (1200) | Gender Trauma Exposure Cumulative Trauma Age Education Marital Status Household Economic Status | Depression PTSD Anxiety Somatic Distress | Somatic distress was significantly associated with older age, gender (women are over twice as likely), poorer household economic status, and increased levels of functional disability and exposure to traumatic events | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15), Trauma Screening Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 |
| 2015 | Health Service Utilization for Mental, Behavioural and Emotional Problems among Conflict-Affected Population in Georgia: A Cross-Sectional Study | Ivdity Chikovani, Nino Makhashvili, George Gotsadze, Vikram Patel, Martin McKee, Maia Uchaneishvili, Natia Rukhadze, and Bayard Roberts | 3600 | Old Caseload (1200) New Caseload (1200) Returnee (1200) | Health Service Utilization | DepressionPTSDAnxiety | Presence of mental illness were associated with higher rates of health service utilization | |
| 2017 | Coping strategies and mental health outcomes of conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia | L. Saxon, N. Makhashvili, I. Chikovani, M. Seguin, M. McKee, V. Patel, J. Bisson, and B. Roberts | 3600 | Old Caseload (1200) New Caseload (1200) Returnee (1200) | Gender Coping Strategy | Depression PTSD Anxiety | Behavioral disengagement, substance abuse, and denial were significantly associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Substance abuse as a coping strategy was more significant among men The prevalence of mental health problems of all reported types was significantly higher in women than men | Trauma Screening Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, adapted Brief Coping Inventory |
Table 3
Population size of injection drug users in Georgia.
| Survey | Year | Survey Size | Number of Cities Reviewed | Estimated Number of Users | Upper limit | Lower Limit | Method Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Drug Situation in Georgia | 2003 | 6,107 | 50,000 | Estimate based on Georgian Research Institute on Addiction (GRIA) database | |||
| The Drug Situation in Georgia | 2004 | 14,400 | 80,000 | Estimate based on Georgian Research Institute on Addiction (GRIA) database | |||
| Estimating the Prevalence of Injection Drug Users in Five Cities in Georgia | 2009 | 1,127 | 5 | 40,000 | 41,062 | 39,000 | Multiplier Method |
| Estimating the Prevalence of Injection Drug Users in Georgia | 2012 | 1,791 | 6 | 45,000 | 45,524 | 44,434 | Multiplier Method |
| Population Size Estimation of People Who Inject Drugs in Georgia | 2014 | 1,951 | 7 | 49,700 | 50,192 | 49,208 | Multiplier Method and Network Size Estimation Method |
| Population Size Estimation of People Who Inject Drugs in Georgia | 2016 | 1,515 | 7 | 52,500 | 56,000 | 52,000 | Multiplier Method and Network Size Estimation Method |
Figure 2
Causal loop diagram of factors that contribute to the risk of HIV/HCV infection. The diagram represents an informative, but not exhaustive, illustration of how various individual and environmental factors influence one another and the risk of infection. Blue and red arrows represent direct and indirect relationships, respectively. Reinforcing loops are signified, and further marked by bolded, thick arrows.