Table 1
Characteristics and factors exposure in children of 2–3 years from Bangkok households (N = 80).
| Characteristics/factors exposure | n (%) or (median ± SD) |
|---|---|
| Children and parent information | |
| Aged (months) | 36.00 ± 11.15 |
| Weight (kg) | 13.6 ± 4.7 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 28 (35) |
| Female | 52 (65) |
| Parents education level | |
| Illiterate | 8 (10.0) |
| ≥Primary school | 72 (90.0) |
| Occupational status | |
| No Work | 60 (75.0) |
| Work | 20 (25.0) |
| Care giver of children | |
| Others | 50 (62.5) |
| Mother | 30 (37.5) |
| Exposure characteristics | |
| Type of PYR insecticide use | |
| Others insecticide | 13 (16.3) |
| Coil insecticide | 67 (83.8) |
| Frequency of PYR insecticide use in household (times/month) | |
| Some time | 17 (21.3) |
| Every day | 63 (78.8) |
| Storage PYR insecticide products | |
| Outside household | 13 (16.2) |
| Inside household | 67 (83.8) |
| Frequency of floor-cleaning | |
| Never | 28 (35.0) |
| Once a week | 52 (65.0) |
| Type floor cleaning | |
| Non-wet broom | 28 (35.0) |
| Wet broom | 52 (65.0) |
| Children’s personal exposure | |
| Children play of the floor in household | |
| No | |
| Yes | |
| Children play soil during the in household | |
| No | |
| Yes | |
| Children walk bare feet inside household | |
| No | 18 (22.5) |
| Yes | 62 (77.5) |
| Children wash their hands/feet during the day | |
| No | 33 (41.3) |
| Yes | 47 (58.8) |
| Children take a shower during the day | |
| 1–2 times | 38 (47.5) |
| >2 times | 42 (52.5) |
| Children put hand-to-mouth | |
| No | 12 (15.0) |
| Yes | 67 (83.8) |
| Children put object-to-mouth | |
| No | 14 (17.5) |
| Yes | 66 (82.5) |
| Children put finger-to-mouth | |
| No | 18 (22.5) |
| Yes | 62 (77.5) |
| Eating on the floor | |
| No | 14 (17.5) |
| Yes | 66 (82.5) |
| Washing fruits | |
| No | 28 (35) |
| Yes | 52 (65) |
| Home characteristics | |
| Type of household | |
| Non permanency | 28 (35) |
| Permanency | 52 (65) |
| Main type floor | |
| Non cement floor | 28 (35) |
| Cement floor | 52 (65) |
Table 2
The 3-PBA metabolite and hand wipes concentration in children of 2–3 years (n = 80) from Bangkok households.
| Biomarkers | Concentration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Mean ± SD | Range | Detected (%) | |
| 3-PBA (µg/mL)a | 1.460 | 1.470 ± 0.084 | 0.231–2.534 | 92 |
| Hand wipes (µg/mL)b | ||||
| Cypermethrin | 0.0171 | 0.016 ± 0.0049 | 0.021–0.005 | 92 |
[i] a Method detection limits (MDLs) = 0.01 µg/mL.
b Method detection limits (MDLs) = 0.001 µg/mL.
Table 3
The correlation between 3-PBA metabolite and hand wipes sample of 2–3-year-old children (n = 80) from Bangkok households.
| Urine sample | Spearman’s coefficient (rs) | |
|---|---|---|
| 3-PBA | Cypermethrin | |
| 3-PBA (µg/mL) | 1.000 | |
| Hand wipes (µg/mL) | ||
| Cypermethrin | 0.226* | 1.000 |
[i] * Correlation coefficient significant at p < 0.05.
Table 4
Multivariate analysis of factor’s exposure with 3-PBA metabolites concentration on urine children (n = 80) from Bangkok households.
| Multi-factors exposure | B | S.E. | Wald | p-Value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged (months) | –0.008 | 0.023 | 0.124 | 0.725 | 0.992 (0.949–1.037) |
| Gendera | –1.120 | 0.532 | 4.428 | 0.035* | 0.326 (0.115–0.926) |
| Walk bare feet inside householdb | 1.956 | 1.418 | 3.983 | 0.007* | 7.072 (1.707–29.291) |
[i] 3-PBA metabolite concentration in urine (Low = ≤ 1.46 µg/mL, High = ≥ 1.46 µg/mL). B, regression coefficient; S.E., standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Reference category: first. a 0 = male, 1 = female. b 0 = no, 1 = yes. *Significant at p < 0.05.
Table 5
Multivariate analysis of factor’s exposure with hand wipe sample (Cypermethrin) in children (n = 80) from Bangkok households.
| Multi-factors exposure | B | S.E. | Wald | p-Value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged (months) | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.677 | 0.411 | 1.019 (0.974–1.066) |
| Gendera | 0.722 | 0.553 | 1.700 | 0.192 | 2.058 (0.696–6.087) |
| Walk bare feet inside householdb | 0.825 | 0.894 | 0.852 | 0.356 | 2.282 (0.396–13.166) |
| Play of the floor in householdb | 0.762 | 0.914 | 0.696 | 0.404 | 2.143 (0.357–12.851) |
| Play soil during the in householdb | 1.432 | 1.083 | 1.748 | 0.186 | 4.189 (0.501–35.015) |
[i] 3-PBA metabolite concentration in urine (Low = ≤0.0171 µg/mL, High = ≥0.0171 µg/mL). B, regression coefficient; S.E., standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Reference category: first. a 0 = male, 1 = female. b 0 = no, 1 = yes. * Significant at p < 0.05.