COVID-19 – The Availability of ICU Beds in Brazil during the Onset of Pandemic

States and the Federal District	Cases	Deaths	Case Fatality Rate	Cases/1 M	Deaths/1M
Brasil	2,012,151	76,688	3.8	957.5	36.5
Midwest region	164,263	3,421	2.1	1,007.9	21
Goiás	40,201	986	2.5	572.8	14
Mato Grosso	31,111	1,207	3.9	892.8	34.6
Distrito Federal	77,621	1,037	1.3	2,574.3	34.4
Mato Grosso do Sul	15,330	191	1.2	551.6	6.9
South region	144,530	2,975	2.1	482.2	9.9
Santa Catarina	49,781	588	1.2	694.8	8.2
Rio Grande do Sul	45,344	1,141	2.5	398.6	10
Paraná	49,405	1,246	2.5	432.1	10.9
North region	340,656	10,790	3.2	1,848.3	58.5
Acre	16,865	447	2.7	1,912.3	50.7
Rondônia	28,654	677	2.4	1,612.3	38.1
Tocantins	16,672	278	1.7	1,060	17.7
Amazonas	88,025	3,095	3.5	2,123.8	74.7
Amapá	33,004	493	1.5	3,902.4	58.3
Pará	133,039	5,385	4.0	1,546.4	62.6
Roraima	24,397	415	1.7	4,027.5	68.5
Northeast region	673,493	24,645	3.7	1,180.1	43.2
Alagoas	48,734	1,348	2.8	1,460.3	40.4
Pernambuco	76,091	5,836	7.7	796.2	61.1
Bahia	116,373	2,693	2.3	782.4	18.1
Paraíba	65,423	1,418	2.2	1,628.2	35.3
Sergipe	41,226	1,071	2.6	1,793.5	46.6
Piauí	36,542	1,043	2.9	1,116.4	31.9
Ceará	144,000	7,127	4.9	1,576.9	78
Maranhão	104,126	2,608	2.5	1,471.7	36.9
Rio Grande do Norte	40,978	1,501	3.7	1,168.5	42.8
Southest region	689,209	34,857	5.1	779.9	39.4
São Paulo	402,048	19,038	4.7	875.6	41.5
Espírito Santo	68,118	2,136	3.1	1695	53.2
Rio de Janeiro	134,573	11,849	8.8	779.5	68.6
Minas Gerais	84,470	1,834	2.2	399	8.7

[i] The data was collected at https://covid.saude.gov.br. Access July 17, 2020. Reference 3.

Table 2

Demographic characteristics of COVID-19 in the Brazil including gross domestic product (GDP), number of inhabitants, area of each state or the Federal District, population density and countries with similar number of inhabitants.

States and the Federal District	Number of patients with COVID-19	Deaths due to COVID-19	CFR	GDP (R$) × 10³	Number of inhabitants	% of the population	Area (km²)	Population density (persons per km²)	Countries with similar number of inhabitants (Number of COVID-19 cases and deaths)
Acre	135	5	3.7	R$ 13,751	881,935	0.4	164,123.74	5.37	Fiji (859,178) – 17/0
Alagoas	110	7	6.4	R$ 49,456	3,337,357	1.6	27,843.30	119.86	Uruguay (3,415,866) – 502/9
Amapá	370	10	2.7	R$ 14,339	845,731	0.4	142,470.76	5.94	Fiji (859,178) – 17/0
Amazonas	1,809	145	8	R$ 89,017	4,144,597	2	1,559,168.12	2.66	Lebanon (4,168,000) – 668/21
Bahia	1,059	36	3.4	R$ 258,649	14,873,064	7.1	564,722.61	26.34	Chad (14,037,000) – 27/0
Ceará	2,684	149	5.6	R$ 138,379	9,132,078	4.3	148,894.76	61.33	United Arab Emirates (9,157,000) – 6,300/37
Distrito Federal	746	20	2.7	R$ 235,497	3,015,268	1.4	5,760.78	523.41	Lithuania (2,900,787) – 1,150/33
Espírito Santo	856	25	2.9	R$ 109,227	4,018,650	1.9	46,074.44	87.22	Lebanon (4,168,000) – 668/21
Goiás	335	16	4.8	R$ 181,692	7,018,354	3.3	340,125.72	20.63	Paraguay (7,003,406) – 199/8
Maranhão	797	40	5	R$ 85,286	7,075,181	3.4	329,642.17	21.46	Paraguay (7,003,406) – 199/8
Mato Grosso	162	5	3.1	R$ 123,834	3,484,466	1.7	903,207.00	3.86	Uruguay (3,415,866) – 502/9
Mato Grosso do Sul	143	5	3.5	R$ 91,866	2,778,986	1.3	357,145.54	7.78	Jamaica (2,717,991) – 143/5
Minas Gerais	1,021	35	3.4	R$ 544,634	21,168,791	10.1	586,521.12	36.09	Sri Lanka (20,675,000) – 244/7
Paraná	874	42	4.8	R$ 401,662	11,433,957	4.1	199,305.24	57.37	Austria (8,602,112) – 14,600/431
Paraíba	195	26	13.3	R$ 59,089	4,018,127	1.9	56,467.24	71.16	Lebanon (4,168,000) – 668/21
Pará	557	26	4.7	R$ 138,068	8,602,865	5.4	1,245,759.31	6.91	Bolivia (11,410,651) – 465/31
Pernambuco	2,006	186	9.3	R$ 167,290	9,557,071	4.5	98,068.02	97.45	Byelorussia (9,485,300) – 4,780/42
Piauí	102	8	7.8	R$ 41,406	3,273,227	1.6	251,616.82	13.01	Haiti (3,268,431) – 43/3
Rio Grande do Norte	463	23	5	R$ 59,661	3,506,853	1.7	52,809.60	66.41	Uruguay (3,415,866) – 502/9
Rio Grande do Sul	802	22	2.7	R$ 408,645	11,377,239	5.4	281,707.15	40.39	Belgium (11,250,659) – 36,140/5,163
Rio de Janeiro	4,349	341	7.8	R$ 640,186	17,264,943	8.2	43,750.42	394.62	Netherlands (16,922,900) – 30,450/3,459
Rondônia	92	3	3.3	R$ 39,451	1,777,225	0.8	237,765.23	7.47	Gabon (1,725,000) – 108/1
Roraima	164	3	1.8	R$ 11,011	605,761	0.3	224,273.83	2.7	Luxemburg (562,958) – 3,480/72
Santa Catarina	926	30	3.2	R$ 256,661	7,164,788	3.4	95,730.92	74.84	Serbia (7,114,393) – 5,690/110
Sergipe	53	4	7.5	R$ 38,867	2,298,696	1.1	21,926.91	104.83	Namibia (2,280,700) – 16/0
São Paulo	12,841	928	7.2	R$ 2,038,005	45,919,049	21.9	248,219.48	184.99	Spain (46,439,864) – 190,840/20,002
Tocantins	31	1	3.2	R$ 31,576	1,572,866	0.7	277,720.40	5.66	Bahrain (1,359,800) – 1,740/7

[i] Note: CFR – Case Fatality Rate. The GDP for 2017 was used. The number of number of inhabitants, % of the population in each state or the Federal District and population density were estimated in 2019. The data was collected at https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. [Reference 1]; https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. [Reference]. https://covid.saude.gov.br. [Reference 3]. Access July 17, 2020.

Table 3

Distribution of intensive care unit (ICU) beds per state or the Federal District regarding public and private health systems.

States and the Federal District	ICU beds	Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%)	ICU beds/10,000 inhabitants	ICU beds at the Public Health System (SUS)	Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at SUS	ICU beds at SUS/10,000 inhabitants	Beneficiaries of private health insurance	ICU beds at the Private Health System	Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at the Private Health System	ICU beds at the Private Health System/10,000 inhabitants
Acre	75	0.2	0.9	59	0.3	0.71	45,245	16	0.07	3.54
Alagoas	491	1.1	1.45	292	1.4	0.86	384,134	199	0.87	5.18
Amapá	82	0.2	1.03	26	0.1	0.33	67,717	56	0.25	8.27
Amazonas	502	1.1	1.24	321	1.5	0.79	527,803	181	0.8	3.43
Bahia	2,029	4.6	1.32	988	4.6	0.64	1,603,515	1,041	4.58	6.49
Ceará	1,201	2.7	1.33	690	3.2	0.76	1,274,740	511	2.25	4.01
Distrito Federal	1,031	2.3	3.39	270	1.3	0.89	866,861	761	3.35	8.78
Espírito Santo	1,091	2.5	2.72	478	2.2	1.19	1,094,094	613	2.69	5.6
Goiás	1,409	3.2	2.08	751	3.5	1.11	1,112,306	658	2.89	5.92
Maranhão	787	1.8	1.12	410	1.9	0.59	461,132	377	1.66	8.18
Mato Grosso	877	2	2.62	297	1.4	0.89	545,501	580	2.55	10.63
Mato Grosso do Sul	484	1.1	1.78	254	1.2	0.94	488,152	230	1.01	4.71
Minas Gerais	4,341	9.8	2.06	2,742	12.7	1.3	5,093,159	1,599	7.03	3.14
Paraná	2,858	6.5	2.52	1,748	8.1	1.54	2,822,209	1,110	4.88	3.93
Paraíba	608	1.4	1.51	378	1.8	0.94	419,264	230	1.01	5.49
Pará	984	2.2	1.18	474	2.2	0.57	794,273	510	2.24	6.42
Pernambuco	1,861	4.2	1.96	1,034	4.8	1.09	1,311,470	827	3.64	6.31
Piauí	353	0.8	1.1	179	0.8	0.56	312,534	174	0.76	5.57
Rio Grande do Norte	601	1.4	1.71	330	1.5	0.94	520,844	271	1.19	5.2
Rio Grande do Sul	2,374	5.4	2.1	1,506	7	1.33	2,624,252	868	3.82	3.31
Rio de Janeiro	6341	14.3	3.79	1,626	7.6	0.97	5,419,339	4,715	20.73	8.7
Rondônia	294	0.7	1.63	183	0.9	1.01	156,749	111	0.49	7.08
Roraima	48	0.1	0.92	30	0.1	0.57	28,619	18	0.08	6.29
Santa Catarina	1,108	2.5	1.58	718	3.3	1.03	1,494,526	390	1.71	2.61
Sergipe	339	0.8	1.48	230	1.1	1.01	313,827	109	0.48	3.47
São Paulo	11,863	26.8	2.63	5,358	24.9	1.19	17,126,024	6,505	28.6	3.8
Tocantins	221	0.5	1.43	134	0.6	0.86	103,966	87	0.38	8.37

[i] Note: The data is based on the Federal Council of Medicine, 2018.

Table 4

Pearson correlation between demographic characteristics of COVID-19 and Brazil, with the distribution of intensive care unit (ICU) beds per state or the Federal District regarding public and private health systems.

Markers		Number of patients with COVID-19	Deaths due to COVID-19	CFR	GDP (R$) × 10³	Area (km²)	Population density (persons per km²)	Number of inhabitants	% of the population
Number of patients with COVID-19	Pearson correlation		0.994	0.252	0.941	–0.025	0.341	0.895	0.894
p-value		≤0.001	0.205	≤0.001	0.901	0.082	≤0.001	≤0.001
Deaths due to COVID-19	Pearson correlation	0.994		0.320	0.920	–0.021	0.340	0.870	0.869
p-value	≤0.001		0.104	≤0.001	0.919	0.082	≤0.001	≤0.001
CFR	Pearson correlation	0.252	0.320		0.130	–0.044	0.133	0.170	0.170
p-value	0.205	0.104		0.519	0.829	0.508	0.396	0.396
GDP (R$) x 10³	Pearson correlation	0.941	0.920	0.130		–0.032	0.341	0.959	0.951
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.519		0.874	0.082	≤0.001	≤0.001
Area (km²)	Pearson correlation	–0.025	–0.021	–0.044	–0.032		–0.371	0.045	0.079
p-value	0.901	0.919	0.829	0.874		0.057	0.823	0.694
Population density (persons per km²)	Pearson correlation	0.341	0.340	0.133	0.341	–0.371		0.249	0.243
p-value	0.082	0.082	0.508	0.082	0.057		0.210	0.223
Number of inhabitants	Pearson correlation	0.895	0.870	0.170	0.959	0.045	0.249		0.997
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.396	≤0.001	0.823	0.210		≤0.001
% of the population	Pearson correlation	0.894	0.869	0.170	0.951	0.079	0.243	0.997
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.396	≤0.001	0.694	0.223	≤0.001
ICU beds	Pearson correlation	0.920	0.908	0.187	0.974	–0.050	0.390	0.965	0.956
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.351	≤0.001	0.803	0.044	≤0.001	≤0.001
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%)	Pearson correlation	0.920	0.908	0.187	0.974	–0.052	0.388	0.965	0.956
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.352	≤0.001	0.797	0.045	≤0.001	≤0.001
ICU beds/10,000 inhabitants	Pearson correlation	0.379	0.373	0.002	0.472	–0.203	0.747	0.396	0.373
p-value	0.051	0.055	0.992	0.013	0.310	≤0.001	0.041	0.055
ICU beds at the Public Health System (SUS)	Pearson correlation	0.865	0.840	0.141	0.962	–0.010	0.233	0.978	0.965
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.484	≤0.001	0.962	0.243	≤0.001	≤0.001
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at SUS	Pearson correlation	0.866	0.841	0.142	0.962	–0.010	0.235	0.978	0.965
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.478	≤0.001	0.961	0.237	≤0.001	≤0.001
ICU beds at SUS/10,000 inhabitants	Pearson correlation	0.236	0.222	0.063	0.413	–0.196	0.184	0.398	0.355
p-value	0.237	0.265	0.755	0.032	0.328	0.358	0.040	0.069
Beneficiaries of private health insurance	Pearson correlation	0.947	0.929	0.157	0.995	–0.042	0.312	0.962	0.955
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.433	≤0.001	0.836	0.113	≤0.001	≤0.001
ICU beds at the Private Health System	Pearson correlation	0.911	0.909	0.212	0.930	–0.079	0.488	0.901	0.896
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.289	≤0.001	0.696	0.010	≤0.001	≤0.001
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at the Private Health System	Pearson correlation	0.911	0.909	0.212	0.930	–0.079	0.488	0.901	0.896
p-value	≤0.001	≤0.001	0.289	≤0.001	0.696	0.010	≤0.001	≤0.001
ICU beds at the Private Health System/10,000 inhabitants	Pearson correlation	–0.159	–0.132	–0.157	–0.208	0.018	0.244	–0.247	–0.233
p-value	0.429	0.511	0.435	0.297	0.930	0.220	0.214	0.241

[i] Note: CFR - Case fatality rate; GDP - gross domestic product.

Table 5

Correlation controlled by gross domestic product and beneficiaries of private health insurance between demographic characteristics of COVID-19 in Brazil and the distribution of intensive care units (ICU) beds per state or the Federal District regarding the public and private health systems.

Markers		Number of patients with COVI-19	Deaths due to COVID-19	CFR	Area (km²)	Population density (persons per km²)	Number of inhabitants	% of the population
Number of patients with COVID-19	Partial correlation		0.960	0.325	0.048	0.172	–0.173	–0.109
p-value		≤0.001	0.113	0.818	0.411	0.408	0.603
Deaths due to COVID-19	Partial correlation	0.960		0.465	0.061	0.192	–0.230	–0.168
p-value	≤0.001		0.019	0.774	0.357	0.268	0.424
CFR	Partial correlation	0.325	0.465		–0.011	0.197	0.086	0.074
p-value	0.113	0.019		0.957	0.344	0.682	0.725
Area (km²)	Partial correlation	0.048	0.061	–0.011		–0.435	0.311	0.405
p-value	0.818	0.774	0.957		0.030	0.130	0.045
Population density (persons per km²)	Partial correlation	0.172	0.192	0.197	–0.435		–0.225	–0.213
p-value	0.411	0.357	0.344	0.030		0.280	0.307
Number of inhabitants	Partial correlation	–0.173	–0.230	0.086	0.311	–0.225		0.961
p-value	0.408	0.268	0.682	0.130	0.280		≤0.001
% of the population	Partial correlation	–0.109	–0.168	0.074	0.405	–0.213	0.961
p-value	0.603	0.424	0.725	0.045	0.307	≤0.001
ICU beds	Partial correlation	–0.094	–0.013	0.176	–0.049	0.449	0.414	0.345
p-value	0.656	0.949	0.401	0.815	0.024	0.040	0.091
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%)	Partial correlation	–0.101	–0.020	0.174	–0.057	0.443	0.414	0.342
p-value	0.631	0.923	0.406	0.788	0.027	0.040	0.094
ICU beds/10,000 inhabitants	Partial correlation	–0.142	–0.091	0.013	–0.252	0.681	–0.157	–0.212
p-value	0.499	0.667	0.952	0.224	≤0.001	0.454	0.309
ICU beds in public health system (SUS)	Partial correlation	–0.602	–0.609	–0.046	0.120	–0.298	0.688	0.545
p-value	0.001	0.001	0.825	0.568	0.148	≤0.001	0.005
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at SUS	Partial correlation	–0.602	–0.607	–0.038	0.119	–0.291	0.689	0.545
p-value	0.001	0.001	0.857	0.571	0.158	≤0.001	0.005
ICU beds at SUS/10,000 inhabitants	Partial correlation	–0.489	–0.437	0.040	–0.212	0.023	0.040	–0.109
p-value	0.013	0.029	0.849	0.308	0.914	0.848	0.604
ICU beds at the Private Health System	Partial correlation	0.239	0.322	0.198	–0.114	0.604	0.029	0.039
p-value	0.250	0.117	0.343	0.586	0.001	0.892	0.852
Ratio of ICU beds to total beds (%) at the Private Health System	Partial correlation	0.239	0.322	0.198	–0.114	0.604	0.029	0.040
p-value	0.249	0.116	0.343	0.587	0.001	0.891	0.851
ICU beds at the Private Health System/10,000 inhabitants	Partial correlation	0.182	0.237	–0.085	–0.007	0.307	–0.124	–0.066
p-value	0.383	0.254	0.685	0.972	0.136	0.556	0.754

[i] Note: CFR - Case fatality rate.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3025 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996

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Published on: Aug 13, 2020

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© 2020 Camila Vantini Capasso Palamim, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, published by Ubiquity Press
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Volume 86 (2020): Issue 1