AMR and Covid-19 on the Frontline: A Call to Rethink War, WASH, and Public Health
References
- Hsu J. How covid-19 is accelerating the threat of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ. 2020; 369: m1983. [published Online First: 2020/05/20]. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1983
- Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2019; 19(1): 56–66. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4
- Bazzi W, Abou Fayad AG, Nasser A, et al. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Armed Conflicts Potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by Selecting for Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Co-resistance Mechanisms. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11: 68. [published Online First: 2020/03/03]. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00068
- Palestinian Water Authority (PWA). Water Safety for Public Health Status Joint Report. Gaza: Palestinian Water Authority; 2019.
- Lamba M, Graham DW, Ahammad SZ. Hospital Wastewater Releases of Carbapenem-Resistance Pathogens and Genes in Urban India. Environ Sci Technol. 2017; 51(23): 13906–12. [published Online First: 2017/09/28]. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03380
- UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
Humanitarian Bulletin (occupied Palestinian territory) – May 2019 . Ramallah: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; 2019. - Alaryan T, Hasan TA, Eshelli M, et al. The Misuse of Prescribed Drugs During the Syrian Crisis: A Cross-sectional Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00180-4
- Medema G, Heijnen L. Drinking water very well protected against all viruses, including coronavirus. KWR News. 28 February 2020; 2020.
- Elmanama AA, ElKichaoui AY, Mai M. Contribution of Hopsital Wastewater to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in Comparsion to Non-Health Institution. Journal of Al-Aqsa University. 2006; 10.
- World Health Organization (WHO).
Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: Satus in low- and middle-income countries and way forward. ISBN 978 92 4 150847 6 . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. - World Health Organization (WHO).
Briefing Note: Antimicrobial Resistance: An Emerging Water, Sanitaion and Hygiene Issue . WHO/FWC/WSH/147. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. - World Health Organization (WHO).
Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: Fundamentals first . Geneva: World Health Organization, UNICEF Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; 2020. - Singh P. One Health approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia. British Medical Journal. 2017; 2017(358: j3625). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3625
- Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance.
No Time to Wait: Securing the Future from Drug-Resistant Infections (Report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations) . April 2019: Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2019. - British Medical Journal (BMJ). The BMJ Christmas 2019 appeal: A health centre is not a health centre if it doesn’t have clean water. British Medical Journal. 2019; 2019(367). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6807
- Deps P, Charlier P. Medical Approach to Refugees: Importance of the Caring Physician. Ann Glob Health. 2020; 86(1): 41. [published Online First: 2020/04/24]. DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2779
- Tayfur I, Gunaydin M, Suner S. Healthcare Service Access and Utilization among Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Ann Glob Health. 2019; 85(1). [published Online First: 2019/03/22]. DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2353
- Abu Sitta G, Dewachi O.
Conflict Medicine Program at the American University of Beirut . Beirut: American University of Beirut; 2016. - Dewachi O, Skelton M, Nguyen V-K, et al. Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian wars. The Lancet. 2014; 383(9915): 449–57. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62299-0
- Zeitoun M, Abu-Sittah G. Gaza now has a toxic ‘biosphere of war’ that no one can escape. The Conversation. 2018; 27 April 2018.
- El Achi N, Menassa M, Sullivan R, et al. Ecology of War, Health Research and Knowledge Subjugation: Insights from the Middle East and North Africa Region. Annals of Global Health. 2020; 86(1). DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3015
- Abbara A, Rayes D, Fahham O, et al. Coronavirus 2019 and health systems affected by protracted conflict: The case of Syria. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 96: 192–95. [published Online First: 2020/05/12]. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.003
- Zeitoun M, Talhami M. The impact of explosive weapons on urban services: Direct and reverberating effects across space and time. International Review of the Red Cross. 2017; 98(1 Special Issue on War in Cities): 53–70. DOI: 10.1017/S1816383117000157
- Wise PH. The Epidemiological Challenge to the Conduct of Just War: Confronting Indirect Civilian Casualties of War. Daedalus. 2017(
Winter 2017). DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00428 - Salama ASA.
Microbiological Quality of Soaps and Efficacy of Antiseptics and Disinfectants Used in Hospitals in Gaza – Palestine . Islamic University Gaza; 2016. - Altaher AM, Abdul Ghafoor ES, Amudi WI, et al. Comparative Identification of Bacterial Quality in liquid Soap between Nasser and European Gaza Hospitals, Khanyounis Governorate. Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences. 2016; 4(5): 77–83.
- World Health Organization (WHO).
Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including east Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan: Report by the Director General . A72/33. New York: Seventy-second World Health Assembly – Provisional agenda item 14, 1 May 2019; 2019. - Sahloul Z. Challenges Providing Pharmaceutical Products to Syrian Refugees. Regulatory Focus: Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society; 2017.
- Abuiriban M, El Deeb S. Drug Counterfeiting: The Situation in the Gaza Strip. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2016; 6(6): 186–92. DOI: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20160606.05
- McDonald S, Fabbri A, Parker L, et al. Medical donations are not always free: An assessment of compliance of medicine and medical device donations with World Health Organization guidelines (2009–2017). Int Health. 2019; 11(5): 379–402. [published Online First: 2019/03/28]. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz004
- Elmanama AA. Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from Pus Specimens from Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine. Journal of Al-Aqsa University. 2006; 10(Special Issue).
- UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA).
Epidemiological Bulletin for Gaza Strip . Issue 1, Volume 8, Thursday 11 Feb 2016. Gaza City: UN Relief and Works Agency; 2016. - Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 2020; 7(7): 511–16. DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00357
- Shomar R. Anti-Microbial Resistant Bacteria in Health Care Facilities in Gaza: exploring links with WASH. Final Report of a pilot study conducted under the GCRF/UK Academy of Medical Sciences Networking Grant Networking Grant GCRFNGR4\1490. February 2021.
- Mahase E. Faeces and vaccines could be the key to tackling antimicrobial resistance. BMJ 2020; 368: m731. [published Online First: 2020/02/26]. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m731
- Sanganyado E, Gwenzi W. Antibiotic resistance in drinking water systems: Occurrence, removal, and human health risks. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 669: 785–97. [published Online First: 2019/03/22]. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.162
- UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Global Humanitarian Overview 2019: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); 2019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3140 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Published on: Feb 24, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2021 Mark Zeitoun, Ghassan Abu-Sittah, Reem Abu Shomar, Nassim el Achi, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.