Figure 1
Consort diagram showing the participant’s flow through the study.
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the participants in the physical activity and nutrition (PAN) group vs the control group (CG).
| N | PAN (M ± SD) | N | CG (M ± SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 22 | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 19 | 13.9 ± 0.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 22 | 79.9 ± 14.9 | 19 | 73.6 ± 16.9 |
| Height (cm) | 22 | 161.2 ± 9.5 | 19 | 163.4 ± 10.4 |
| Ethnicity (%) | 22 | 100 | 19 | 100 |
| Black | 17 | 77.3 | 13 | 68.4 |
| Indian | 2 | 9.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Caucasian | 3 | 13.6 | 6 | 31.6 |
| Gender (%) | 22 | 100 | 19 | 100 |
| Male | 7 | 31.8 | 11 | 57.9 |
| Female | 15 | 68.2 | 8 | 42.1 |
Table 2
Prevalence of abnormal blood pressure and biochemical measurements (N = 41).
| VARIABLE | PRE (%) | POST (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic blood pressure | ||
| Normal (<90th percentile) | 20 (48) | 27 (66) |
| Elevated (≥90th–<95th percentile) | 7 (17) | 6 (15) |
| Hypertension stage 1 (≥95th percentile) | 8 (20) | 7 (17) |
| Hypertension stage 2 (≥95th percentile + 12 mmHg) | 6 (15) | 1 (2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||
| Normal (<90th percentile) | 32 (78) | 35 (86) |
| Elevated (≥90th–<95th percentile) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Hypertension stage 1 (≥95th percentile) | 8 (20) | 5 (12) |
| Hypertension stage 2 (≥95th percentile + 12 mmHg) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) |
| Blood pressure | ||
| Normal (<90th percentile) | 17 (41) | 24 (59) |
| Elevated (≥90th–<95th percentile) | 8 (20) | 6 (15) |
| Hypertension stage 1 (≥95th percentile) | 10 (24) | 10 (24) |
| Hypertension stage 2 (≥95th percentile + 12 mmHg) | 6 (15) | 1 (2) |
| ALT (Males: >31, Female: >25 U/L) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) |
| HDL-C (≤1.2 mmol/L) | 10 (24) | 9 (23) |
| LDL-C (≥2.8 mmol/L) | 12 (29) | 7 (17) |
| TG (≥1.0 mmol/L) | 5 (12) | 3 (7) |
| Insulin (≥20 mU/ml) | 7 (17) | 5 (12) |
| HOMA-IR (≥3.4) | 6 (15) | 5 (12) |
[i] ALT – Alanine aminotransferase; HDL-C – High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR – Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; TG – Triglycerides.
Table 3
BMI, blood pressure and biochemical characteristics pre and post a 10-week physical activity and nutrition intervention compared to a control group.
| VARIABLE | GROUP | N | PRE (M ± SD) | POST (M ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | PAN | 22 | 30.8 ± 5.4 | 29.8 ± 5.7** |
| Control | 19 | 27.6 ± 5.3 | 27.7 ± 5.29 | |
| BMI z-score | PAN | 22 | 2.46 ± 0.79 | 2.24 ± 0.89** |
| Control | 19 | 2.10 ± 0.82 | 2.03 ± 0.83 | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | PAN | 22 | 125.9 ± 15.7 | 115.2 ± 12.4* |
| Control | 19 | 117.3 ± 17.5 | 114.9 ± 13.9 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | PAN | 22 | 76.1 ± 8.1 | 73.3 ± 7.3 |
| Control | 19 | 72.3 ± 7.8 | 70.0 ± 10.7 | |
| ALT (U/L) | PAN | 22 | 18.1 ± 6.1 | 16.9 ± 5.6 |
| Control | 17 | 18.9 ± 9.9 | 22.1 ± 22.4 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 0.74 ± 0.42 | 0.69 ± 0.29 |
| Control | 15 | 0.64 ± 0.94 | 0.64 ± 0.11 | |
| HDL (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 1.34 ± 0.29 | 1.32 ± 0.26 |
| Control | 15 | 1.44 ± 0.42 | 1.44 ± 0.36 | |
| LDL (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 2.63 ± 0.66 | 2.37 ± 0.49* |
| Control | 15 | 2.25 ± 0.69 | 2.36 ± 0.73 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 4.63 ± 0.42 | 4.63 ± 0.44 |
| Control | 15 | 4.41 ± 0.43 | 4.45 ± 0.44 | |
| HbA1c (%) | PAN | 22 | 5.4 ± 0.35 | 5.6 ± 0.44* |
| Control | 17 | 5.38 ± 0.27 | 5.57 ± 0.27^ | |
| Insulin (mU/ml) | PAN | 21 | 13.95 ± 5.48 | 12.82 ± 4.10 |
| Control | 15 | 10.39 ± 5.55 | 13.30 ± 5.21 | |
| HOMA-IR | PAN | 19 | 3.01 ± 1.22 | 2.72 ± 0.95 |
| Control | 15 | 2.06 ± 1.16 | 2.79 ± 1.01 |
[i] M – Mean; SD – Standard deviation; ALT – Alanine aminotransferase; HDL-C – High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR – Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
* p < 0.05, pre PAN vs post PAN; ** p < 0.01, pre PAN vs post PAN.
^ p < 0.01, pre CG vs post CG.
Table 4
BMI, blood pressure and biochemical characteristics post 10-week values for the physical activity and nutrition- and control group after correcting for the pre values after correcting for the pre values.
| VARIABLE | GROUP | N | ESTIMATED POST MEAN (SEM) | MEAN DIFF | F | 95% CI LOWER | UPPER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | PAN | 22 | 28.33 (0.25) | 1.09* | 7.88 | 0.30 | 1.87 |
| Control | 19 | 29.42 (0.28) | |||||
| BMI z-score | PAN | 22 | 2.08 (0.05) | 0.16* | 4.99 | 0.02 | 0.30 |
| Control | 19 | 2.23 (0.05) | |||||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | PAN | 22 | 113.2 (2.14) | 4.31 | 1.65 | –2.49 | 11.13 |
| Control | 19 | 117.6 (2.52) | |||||
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | PAN | 22 | 72.3 (1.62) | –0.94 | 0.14 | –6.08 | 4.20 |
| Control | 19 | 71.4 (1.90) | |||||
| ALT (U/L) | PAN | 22 | 17.51 (1.96) | 3.79 | 1.62 | –2.25 | 9.82 |
| Control | 17 | 21.34 (2.23) | |||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 0.66 (0.07) | 0.12 | 0.00 | –0.11 | 0.34 |
| Control | 15 | 0.78 (0.09) | |||||
| HDL (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 1.36 (0.04) | 0.03 | 0.56 | –0.09 | 0.16 |
| Control | 15 | 1.39 (0.05) | |||||
| LDL (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 2.28 (0.09) | 0.25 | 2.79 | –0.03 | 0.53 |
| Control | 15 | 2.53 (0.11) | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | PAN | 19 | 4.58 (0.09) | –0.07 | 0.23 | –0.37 | 0.23 |
| Control | 15 | 4.51 (0.11) | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | PAN | 22 | 5.62 (0.06) | –0.04 | 0.17 | –0.22 | 0.15 |
| Control | 17 | 5.58 (0.07) | |||||
| Insulin (mU/ml) | PAN | 21 | 12.77 (1.01) | 0.56 | 0.12 | –2.72 | 3.83 |
| Control | 15 | 13.33 (1.21) | |||||
| HOMA-IR | PAN | 19 | 2.63 (0.22) | 0.31 | 0.70 | –0.45 | 1.08 |
| Control | 15 | (0.29) |
[i] SEM – Standard error of the mean; CI – confidence interval.
ALT – Alanine aminotransferase; HDL-C – High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR – Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
* p < 0.05 post PAN vs post CG (ANCOVA).