Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
One Year of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil: A Political and Social Overview Cover

One Year of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil: A Political and Social Overview

Open Access
|May 2021

References

  1. Petersen E, Koopmans M, Go U, et al. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20: E238E244. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30484-9
  2. Ferguson N, Laydon D, Nedjati Gilani G, et al. Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. 2020. DOI: 10.25561/77482
  3. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6): 656657. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2
  4. Andrade RO. Covid-19 is causing the collapse of Brazil’s national health service. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3032. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3032
  5. Lefebvre M, Vignier N, Pitard B, et al. Covid-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions and updated answers. Infect Dis Now. 2021. Epub Ahead of Print. DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.02.007
  6. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(8): 693704. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
  7. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(27): 26032615. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
  8. World Health Organization. 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.who.int/
  9. Ministério da Saúde (Ministry of Health). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br
  10. WorldOMeter. Cases of Coronavirus in Brazil. 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/brazil/.
  11. Hallal PC, Horta BL, Barros AJD, et al. Evolução da prevalência de infecção por COVID-19 no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: inquéritos sorológicos seriados. Cien Saude Colet. 2020; 25(1): 23952401. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.09632020
  12. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation). Monitoramento de casos reportados de síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) hospitalizados (Monitoring of reported cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) hospitalized). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at http://info.gripe.fiocruz.br/.
  13. The White House. National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness. 2021. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/National-Strategy-for-the-COVID-19-Response-and-Pandemic-Preparedness.pdf
  14. Carvalho TA, Boschiero MN, Marson FAL. COVID-19 in Brazil: 150,000 deaths and the Brazilian underreporting. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 99(3): 115258. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115258
  15. Raoofi A, Takian A, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A, Haghighi H, Aarabi M. COVID-19 pandemic and comparative health policy learning in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2020; 23(4): 220234. DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.02
  16. Javed B, Sarwer A, Soto EB, Mashwani ZU. Is Pakistan’s response to Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Adequate to prevent an outbreak? Front Med (Lausanne). 2020; 7: 158. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00158
  17. Algaissi AA, Alharbi NK, Hassanain M, Hashem AM. Preparedness and response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: Building on MERS experience. J Infect Public Health. 2020; 13(6): 834838. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.04.016
  18. Edquist K, Jiménez MM. Spain’s policy response to the novel coronavirus and COVID-19. Research Gate. 2020.
  19. Anwar S, Nasrullah M, Hosen MJ. COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Challenges and how to address them. Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 154. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00154
  20. Djalante R, Lassa J, Setiamarga D, et al. Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science. 2020; 6: 100091. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
  21. AlTakarli NS. China’s response to the COVID-19 outbreak: A model for epidemic preparedness and management. Dubai Med J. 2020. DOI: 10.1159/000508448
  22. Vallejo BM, Jr, Ong RAC. Policy responses and government science advice for the COVID 19 pandemic in the Philippines: January to April 2020. Progress in Disaster Science. 2020; 7: 100115. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100115
  23. Hale W, Petherick P, Kira. Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker; 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
  24. Our World in Data. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/policy-responses-covid3.
  25. Moreira RS. COVID-19: Intensive care units, mechanical ventilators, and latent mortality profiles associated with case-fatality in Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020; 36(5): e00080020. DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00080020
  26. Imai N, Gaythorpe KAM, Abbott S, et al. Adoption and impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19. Wellcome Open Res. 2020; 5: 59. DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15808.1
  27. Moris D, Schizas D. Lockdown during COVID-19: The Greek success. In Vivo. 2020; 34(3): 16951699. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11963
  28. Taghrir MH, Akbarialiabad H, Ahmadi Marzaleh M. Efficacy of mass quarantine as leverage of health system governance during COVID-19 outbreak: A mini policy review. Arch Iran Med. 2020; 23(4): 265267. DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.08
  29. Sud SR. COVID-19 and keeping clean: A narrative review to ascertain the efficacy of personal protective equipment to safeguard health care workers against SARS-CoV-2. Hosp Pediatr. 2020; 10(7): 570576. DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0135
  30. Tirupathi R, Bharathidasan K, Palabindala V, Salim SA, Al-Tawfiq JA. Comprehensive review of mask utility and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infez Med. 2020; 28(1): 5763.
  31. Rawson T, Brewer T, Veltcheva D, Huntingford C, Bonsall MB. How and when to end the COVID-19 lockdown: an optimization approach. Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 262. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00262
  32. Federal Government of Brazil (Governo Federal do Brasil). Governo Federal já entregou mais de 8,4 mil ventiladores pulmonares (Federal Government has already delivered more than 8,400 pulmonary ventilators). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/saude-e-vigilancia-sanitaria/2020/07/governo-federal-ja-entregou-mais-de-8-4-mil-ventiladores-pulmonares.
  33. Revista Exame. Sistema de saúde do Amazonas entra em colapso com a pandemia de coronavirus (Amazon health system collapses with coronavirus pandemic). 2020. Accessed on 17 March 2021. Available at https://exame.com/brasil/sistema-de-saude-do-amazonas-entra-em-colapso-com-pandemia-de-coronavirus/.
  34. Leal DFDVB, Santana da Silva MN, Fernandes DCRO, et al. Amerindian genetic ancestry as a risk factor for tuberculosis in an Amazonian population. PLoS One. 2020; 15(7): e0236033. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236033
  35. Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, et al. Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2020; 92(1): e20191375. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191375
  36. Herrera D, Pfaff A, Robalino J. Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019; 116(30): 1491614925. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802877116
  37. Baqui P, Bica I, Marra V, Ercole A, van der Schaar M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: A cross-sectional observational study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8(8): e1018e1026. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30285-0
  38. Marson F. Um milhão de casos de COVID-19. Rev Med. 2020; 99(2): 209212. DOI: 10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v99i2p209-212
  39. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). 2018. Accessed on 17 March 2021. Available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/ IBGE, 2018.
  40. Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (National Supplementary Health Agency). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at http://www.ans.gov.br/planos-de-saude-e-operadoras/espaco-da-operadora/18-planos-de-saude-e-operadoras/espaco-da-operadora/263-ressarcimento-ao-sus.
  41. Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (Brazilian Intensive Care Association). AMIB apresenta dados atualizados sobre leitos de UTI no Brasil (AMIB shows updated data regarding ICU beds in Brazil). 2020. Accessed on 15 March 2021. Available at https://www.amib.org.br/fileadmin/user_upload/amib/2020/abril/28/dados_uti_amib.pdf.
  42. Registro Nacional de Terapia Intensiva (Intensive Care National Registry). UTIs Brasileiras (Brazilian ICU beds). 2021. Accessed on 10 March 2021. Available at http://www.utisbrasileiras.com.br/sari-covid-19/benchmarking-covid-19/.
  43. Publica, agência de jornalismo investigativo (Public, Investigative Journalism Agency). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at: https://apublica.org/2020/05/enquanto-leitos-de-uti-do-sus-chegam-ao-limite-ha-vagas-nos-hospitais-privados/.
  44. COVID-19 Health Systems Response Monitor (HSRM). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at: http://covid19healthsystem.org.
  45. Senado Federal (Federal Senate). Projeto de Lei n°2308 de 2020 (Law Project n°2308 from 2020). 2020. Accessed on 10 March 2021. Available at https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/141752#:~:text=Ementa%3A,19%2C%20e%20d%C3%A1%20outras%20provid%C3%AAncias.
  46. Estadão, Jornal (Estadão Journal). Público e Privado versus COVID-19 (Public and Private versus COVID-19). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at: https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/fausto-macedo/publico-e-privado-versus-covid-19/.
  47. Folha de São Paulo, Jornal (Folha de São Paulo, Journal). As falhas evidenciadas pela COVID-19 no sistema privado de saúde (The flaws in the private health system, evidenced by COVID-19). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/opiniao/2020/04/as-falhas-evidenciadas-pela-covid-19-no-sistema-privado-de-saude.shtml.
  48. Folha de São Paulo, Jornal (Folha de São Paulo, Journal). Prefeitura investiga prevent senior por não informar casos de coronavirus (City hall investigate prevent senior for not informing cornavirus cases) 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2020/03/prefeitura-investiga-prevent-senior-por-nao-informar-casos-de-coronavirus.shtml.
  49. de Souza WM, Buss LF, Candido DDS, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. Nat Hum Behav. 2020. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0928-4
  50. Palamim CVC, Marson FAL. Coronavirus disease: 4 million cases worldwide and the importance of multidisciplinary health care teams during the pandemic. J Emerg Nurs. 2020: S0099–1767(20)302026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.06.004
  51. Oliveira BA, Oliveira LC, Sabino EC, Okay TS. SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease: A mini review on diagnostic methods. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo. 2020; 62. DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062044
  52. Sheridan C. Fast, portable tests come online to curb coronavirus pandemic. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38(5): 515518. DOI: 10.1038/d41587-020-00010-2
  53. Jin Y, Wang M, Zuo Z, et al. Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 94: 4952. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.065
  54. Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(7): 14781488. DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200841
  55. Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020; 370: m2516. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2516
  56. Marson FAL. COVID-19 – Six million cases worldwide and an overview of the diagnosis in Brazil: A tragedy to be announced. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 98: 115113. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115113
  57. The Guardian. Mass testing is the only way to stop the virus – It’s long overdue. Accessed on 13 March 2021. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/25/mass-covid-19-testing-is-vital-but-the-data-must-be-localised.
  58. Notícias UOL (UOL news). Novo teste de Bolsonaro para coronavírus tem resultado positivo (Bolsonaro has a new positive result for coronavirus). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/07/22/bolsonaro-teste-coronavirus.htm
  59. Notícias UOL (UOL news). Avó de Michelle Bolsonaro morre por complicações da covid-19 (Granmother of Michelle Bolsonaro dies due to COVID-19 complications). Notícias UOL. Avó de Michelle Bolsonaro morre por complicações da covid-19. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/08/12/avo-de-michelle-bolsonaro-morre-por-complicacoes-da-covid-19.htm.
  60. Portal Terra. Sexto ministro do governo Bolsonaro testa positivo para covid-19 (Sixth minister from the Bolsonaro government tests positive for COVID-19). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/sexto-ministro-do-governo-bolsonaro-testa-positivo-para-covid-19,638e3eb2c278146d0e701739a05aed95i417foy1.html.
  61. Marson FAL, Ortega MM. COVID-19 in Brazil. Pulmonology. 2020; 26(4): 241244. DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.04.008
  62. Notícias UOL (UOL news). Bolsonaro diz que máscara tem eficácia quase nula; ciência aponta proteção (Bolsonaro says facial masks have almost zero efficiency; science points protection). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2020/08/19/bolsonaro-mascara-eficacia.htm.
  63. Notícias UOL (UOL news). Bolsonaro passeia e encontra seguidores após afirmar não ter mais covid-19 (Bolsonaro strolls and meets followers after afirming he no longer has COVID-19). Accessed on 12 March 12, 2021. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/07/25/bolsonaro-deixa-planalto-e-passeia-de-moto-apos-teste-negativo-para-covid.htm.
  64. Hartley K, Vu MK. Fighting fake news in the COVID-19 era: Policy insights from an equilibrium model. Policy Sci. 2020:124. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1007/s11077-020-09405-z
  65. Hallal PC. SOS Brazil: Science under attack. Lancet. 2021; 397(10272): 373374. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00141-0
  66. Silva DN. The pragmatics of chaos: Parsing Bolsonaro’s undemocratic language. Trab Linguist Apl. 2020; 59(1): 507537. DOI: 10.1590/01031813685291420200409
  67. Garret L. COVID-19: The medium is the message. Lancet. 2020; 395: 942943. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30600-0
  68. The Lancet. COVID-19 in Brazil: “So what?” Lancet. 2020; 395: 1461. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31095-3
  69. Social isolation – São Paulo State. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus/isolamento/.
  70. Silva RDFC, Gonçalves LAP. As pílulas do Messias: Salvação, negação e política de morte em tempos de pandemia. Physis. 2020; 30(2): e300208. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-73312020300208
  71. Paumgartten FJR. Sobre a alegada eficácia anticâncer da pílula de fosfoetanolamina, fragilidade da evidência científica e preocupações éticas. Vigil Sanit Debate. 2016; 4(3): 412. DOI: 10.22239/2317-269x.00822pt
  72. Caetano NAPO, Moreira TC, Ugrinovich LA, Carmo TA, Simioni PU. A pesquisa com a fosfoetanolamina sintética como inibidor da progressão de tumores. Rev Fac Ciênc Méd Sorocaba. 2017; 19(3): 111116. DOI: 10.23925/1984-4840.2017v19i3a3
  73. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020; 56(1): 105949. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  74. Gautret P, Hoang VT, Honoré S, et al. Response to the use of hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin for patients with COVID-19 is not supported by recent literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021; 57(1): 106241. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106241
  75. Rosendaal FR. Review of: “Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Gautret et al 2010, Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020; 56(1): 106063. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106063
  76. Política Estadão (Policy Estadão). Bolsonaro reitera uso de cloroquina e diz que indicaria medicamento para mãe (Bolsonaro reiterates the use of chloroquine and says he would indicate it to his mother). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-reitera-uso-da-cloroquina-e-diz-que-indicaria-medicamento-para-a-mae,70003265327.
  77. The Scientist. Journal Publisher Concerned over Hydroxychloroquine Study. Accessed on 13 March 2021. Available at https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/journal-publisher-concerned-over-hydroxychloroquine-study-67405.
  78. O Globo. Entidades especialistas em saúde condenam manifesto que defende tratamento precoce da COVID-19 (Especialist entities condemn manifest on earlier treatment for COVID-19). 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/entidades-especialistas-em-saude-condenam-manifesto-que-defende-tratamento-precoce-da-covid-19-24895651.
  79. Develoux M. Ivermectine [Ivermectin]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2004; 131(6–7 Pt 1): 561570. DOI: 10.1016/S0151-9638(04)93668-X
  80. López-Medina E, López P, Hurtado IC, et al. Effect of Ivermectin on time to resolution of symptoms among adults with mild COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3071
  81. MERCK. Merck Statement on Ivermectin use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021. Accessed on 10 March 2021. Available at https://www.merck.com/news/merck-statement-on-ivermectin-use-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.
  82. Zou L, Dai L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: A potential and controversial treatment for COVID-19. Arch Pharm Res. 2020. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01258-7
  83. Tang D, Li J, Zhang R, Kang R, Klionsky DJ. Chloroquine in fighting COVID-19: Good, bad, or both? Autophagy. 2020. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1796014
  84. Khuroo MS, Sofi AA, Khuroo M. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, Fiction & the Hype. A Critical Appraisal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020: 106101. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101
  85. Cortegiani A, Ippolito M, Ingoglia G, Iozzo P, Giarratano A, Einav S. Update I. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020; 59: 176190. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.019
  86. Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, et al. Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019014
  87. Chaccour C, Casellas A, Blanco-Di Matteo A, et al. The effect of early treatment with ivermectin on viral load, symptoms and humoral response in patients with non-severe COVID-19: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 32: 100720. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100720
  88. Galan LEB, Santos NMD, Asato MS, et al. Phase 2 randomized study on chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin in hospitalized patients with severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pathog Glob Health. 2021. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1890887
  89. Folha de São Paulo, Jornal (Folha de São Paulo, Journal). Pazuello Ministry under investigation by federal police and at worst moment of the pandemic. 2021. Accessed on 16 March 2021. Available at https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2021/03/pazuello-leaves-ministry-under-investigation-by-federal-police-and-at-worst-moment-of-the-pandemic.shtml.
  90. Notícias UOL (UOL News). Ministério ignorou oferta de 160 milhões de doses de coronavac em julho, diz Butantan (Ministry ignored 160 million dosages of cornavac vaccine on July, says Butantan). 2021. Accessed on 16 March 2021. Available at https://noticias.uol.com.br/saude/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2021/02/19/ministerio-ignorou-oferta-de-160-milhoes-de-doses-da-coronavac-em-julho-diz-butantan.htm.
  91. He D, Artzy-Randrup Y, Musa SS, Stone L. The unexpected dynamics of COVID-19 in Manaus. Brazil: Herd immunity versus interventions. 2021. [Pre-Print]. MedRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.18.21251809
  92. O Globo. Saiba quem é Marcelo Queiroga indicadoa por Bolsonaro para ser novo ministro da saúde (Find out who Marcelo Queiroga, is, indicated by Bolsonaro to be the next ministry of health). 2021. Accessed on 17 March 2021. Available at https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/03/15/saiba-quem-e-marcelo-queiroga-indicado-por-bolsonaro-para-ser-o-novo-ministro-da-saude.ghtml.
  93. Reuters. Brazil’s incoming health minister says mission is to unify fight against COVID-19. 2021. Accessed on 17 March 2021. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-brazil-minister-idINKBN2B92E8.
  94. Shang Y, Pan C, Yang X, et al. Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: Statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10: 73. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1
  95. CNN Brasil (CNN Brazil). Preço de respirador comprado por estados varia até 4 vezes e enfrenta apuração (Price of ventilator purchased by states vary until 4 times and faces counting). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2020/05/26/preco-de-respirador-comprado-por-estados-varia-ate-4-vezes-e-enfrenta-apuracoes.
  96. The Intercept Brazil. Respiradores fantasmas (Ghost Ventilators). 2020. Accessed on March 12, 2021. Available at https://theintercept.com/series/respiradores/.
  97. Conselho Nacional de Secretários da Saúde (National Council of Health Secretaries). Accessed on March 12, 2021. Available at https://www.conass.org.br.
  98. Agência Brasil (Brazil Agency). Relatório aponta desabastecimento de remédio nos estados (Report shows shortage of drugs in states). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/saude/noticia/2020-06/covid-19-relatorio-aponta-desabastecimento-de-remedios-nos-estados.
  99. Sikkema RS, Pas SD, Nieuwenhuijse DF, et al. COVID-19 in health-care workers in three hospitals in the south of the Netherlands: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 10: 12731280. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30527-2
  100. Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, et al. Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(19): 19151923. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6130
  101. Chou R, Dana T, Buckley DI, Selph S, Fu R, Totten AM. Epidemiology of and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers: A living rapid review. Ann Intern Med. 173(2): 120136. DOI: 10.7326/M20-1632
  102. International Council of Nurses. International council of nurses COVID-19 update. 2021. Accessed on 15 March 2021. Available at https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICN%20COVID19%20update%20report%20FINAL.pdf.
  103. Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Brazilian Federal Nursery Council). Brasil representa um terço das mortes de profissionais de Enfermagem por covid-19 (Brazil represents one third of the nurses deaths due to COVID-19). 2021. Accessed on 15 March 2021. Available at http://www.cofen.gov.br/brasil-responde-por-um-terco-das-mortes-de-profissionais-de-enfermagem-por-covid-19_84357.html.
  104. Black JRM, Bailey C, Przewrocka J, Dijkstra KK, Swanton C. COVID-19: The case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission. Lancet. 2020; 395(10234): 14181420. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30917-X
  105. Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. JAMA. 2020; 323: 14391440. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.3972
  106. Perlis RH. Exercising heart and head in managing coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3: e204006. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4006
  107. BBC News. Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization. Published on July 7, 2020. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906#:~:text=President%20Donald%20Trump%20has%20formally,wake%20of%20the%20coronavirus%20pandemic.
  108. Blomm DE, Canning D. Population health and economic growth. World Bank Group-Health and Growth. 2009. Accessed on 15 March 2021. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28036.
  109. Buss LF, Prete, CA, Jr, Abrahim CMM, et al. Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic. Science. 2021; 371(6526): 288292. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9728
  110. Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, et al. Genomics and epidemiology of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. medRxix. DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554
  111. Murray J. Has Sweden’s controversial covid-19 strategy been successful or not? BMJ. 2020; 370: m3255. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3255
  112. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020; 19(5): 305306. DOI: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5
  113. Domingues CMAS. Desafios para a realização da campanha de vacinação contra a COVID-19 no Brasil. Cad Saúde. 2021; 37(1): e00344620. DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00344620
  114. Agência Brasil. Gov’t earmarks $1.38 bi for purchase of Janssen and Pfizer vaccines. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/saude/noticia/2021-03/govt-earmarks-138-bi-purchase-janssen-and-pfizer-vaccines.
  115. Agência Brasil. Brazil buys another 54 mi doses of vaccine against COVID-19. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/saude/noticia/2021-02/brazil-buys-another-54-mi-doses-vaccine-against-covid-19.
  116. Portal IG de Notícias. Ministério da Saúde promete 424,5 milhões de doses de vacina até fim do ano (Ministry of Health promises 424.5 million dosages of vaccine by the end of the year). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://saude.ig.com.br/coronavirus/2021-03-12/ministerio-da-saude-promete-4245-milhoes-de-doses-de-vacina-ate-fim-do-ano.html.
  117. CNN World. How Brazil’s Covid-19 vaccine plan fell apart. Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/01/americas/brazil-coronavirus-vaccination/index.html.
  118. El Pais. Bolsonaro celebra como uma vitória a suspensão dos testes da Coronavac (Bolsonaro celebrates the suspension of Coronavac tests as a victory). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2020-11-10/bolsonaro-celebra-como-uma-vitoria-a-suspensao-dos-testes-da-coronavac.html.
  119. Sato APS. What is the importance of vaccine hesitancy in the drop of vaccination coverage in Brazil? Ver Saúde Públ. 2018; 52: 96. DOI: 10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052001199
  120. Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Governo de SP inicia em Serrana teste inédito de vacinação em massa (SP government starts in Serrana unprecedented mass vaccination test). Accessed on 12 March 2021. Available at https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/noticias-coronavirus/governo-de-sp-inicia-em-serrana-teste-inedito-de-vacinacao-em-massa-2/.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3182 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Published on: May 18, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2021 Matheus Negri Boschiero, Camila Vantini Capasso Palamim, Manoela Marques Ortega, Renan Marrichi Mauch, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.