Figure 1
Schematic of chart review process and data included in analysis.
Table 1
Characteristics of Patients Receiving Facility Level Care.
| CHARACTERISTIC1 | VALUE |
|---|---|
| Age, years: median [IQR] n = 675 | 27 [23–33] |
| Parity, births: median [IQR]3 n = 475 | 2 [1–4] |
| Nulliparous, % | 39 |
| Facility-level care in last pregnancy, %, n = 2522 | 61 |
| Facility delivery, %, n = 631 | 74 |
| Caesarean delivery, % | 38 |
| Stillbirth, %, n = 682 | 1.6 |
| Neonatal death, %, n = 682 | 2.9 |
| Maternal death, %, n = 682 | 0 |
[i] 1 Missing data for individual items indicated by giving denominator for each item as indicated.
2 Excludes nulliparous women.
Table 2
Out of pocket costs by expense category and referral type.
| COST CATEGORY1 | EMERGENCY REFERRALS | ROUTINE REFERRALS | P VALUE2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total cost, median [IQR], n with documented costs | 100 [75–150], n = 458 | 50 [16–120], n = 251 | <0.001 |
| Medications and Supplies, median [IQR] (% with costs) | 63 [30–100] (15%) | 51 [20–95] (15%) | 0.57 |
| Laboratory and Imaging, median [IQR] (% with costs) | 120 [85–179] (7%) | 120 [86–120] (27%) | 0.43 |
| Transportation, median [IQR] (% with costs) | 100 [60–150] (95%) | 28 [15–60] (55%) | <0.001 |
| Food and Lodging, median [IQR] (% with costs) | 25 [18–37.5] (2%) | 15 [10–30] (29%) | 0.17 |
[i] 1 Cost data given in Guatemalan quetzales (1 quetzal = 0.13 US dollar). For each category, costs are given for all referrals with documented OOP spending.
2 Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Figure 2
Violin plots of the distribution of out-of-pocket costs in quetzales for both emergency and routine facility referrals. 1 quetzal = 0.13 US dollar.
Figure 3
Out-of-pocket payments for major categories of medications/supplies (A) and imaging/laboratory studies (B). Raw frequencies of out-of-pocket payments for each category are given separately for emergency referrals (dark bars) and routine referrals (light bars).