Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Survey-Based Cross- Sectional Study

Tanvir Abir; Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah; Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu; Dewan Muhammad Nur-A Yazdani; Taha Husain; Piwuna Christopher Goson; Palash Basak; Md Adnan Rahman; Abdullah Al Mamun; P. Yukthamarani Permarupan; Md Yusuf Hossein Khan; Abul Hasnat Milton; Kingsley E. Agho

doi:10.5334/aogh.3269

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Survey-Based Cross- Sectional Study

Volume 87 (2021): Issue 1

By: Tanvir Abir , Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Dewan Muhammad Nur-A Yazdani, Taha Husain, Piwuna Christopher Goson, Palash Basak, Md Adnan Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun, P. Yukthamarani Permarupan, Md Yusuf Hossein Khan, Abul Hasnat Milton and Kingsley E. Agho

Open Access

|Apr 2021

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population (n = 10,609).

VARIABLES	n	PERCENT (%)
*Demography*
Division of Living
Khulna	1788	16.85
Chittagong	1198	11.29
Mymensing	288	2.71
Rajshahi	674	6.35
Barisal	716	6.75
Rangpur	464	4.37
Sylhet	221	2.08
Dhaka	5260	49.58
Gender
Male	5238	49.37
Female	5371	50.63
Level of Education
Postgraduate/Post Doctorate	2291	21.59
Graduate	3942	37.16
HSC or Equivalent	2881	27.16
SSC or Equivalent	969	9.13
Under SSC	526	4.96
Age Category
18–27 years	6043	56.96
28–37 years	2423	22.84
38–47 years	1157	10.91
48–57 years	709	6.68
58+ years	277	2.61
Marital Status
Single	4833	45.56
Married	5332	50.26
Divorced/Widowed	444	4.19
Working Status
Working (Full time)	4754	44.81
Working (Part-time)	1220	11.50
Not working/Student	4635	43.69
*Household Factors*
Living Arrangement
Living with Family	8533	80.43
Living Alone	1504	14.18
Sharing/Living with Flatmates	572	5.39
Household Size
1–2 People	1281	12.07
3–4 People	9328	87.93
Have you been tested for COVID-19?
No	9434	88.92
Yes, I Tested Negative	832	7.84
Yes. I Tested Positive	343	3.23
*Compliance with Public health measures*
Have You Enforced Protective Measures Inside Your Home to Protect Yourself and Your Family from COVID 19?
Yes	9705	91.48
No	904	8.52
Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days?
No	2155	20.31
Yes	8454	79.69
What Sort of Protective Measures Have You Taken?
Avoid Public Transport
Yes	2230	21.02
No	8379	78.98
Avoid Shaking Hands
Yes	2313	21.80
No	8296	78.20
Wearing Face Mask
Yes	2368	22.32
No	8241	77.68
Avoid Large Gatherings
Yes	2352	22.17
No	8257	77.83
Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19
Yes	1792	16.89
No	8817	83.11
Responses Regarding the Health Condition for the Last Couple of Weeks
Fever For at least A Day
No	9179	86.52
Yes	1430	13.48
Chills For at least a Day
No	9225	86.95
Yes	1384	13.05
Headache For at least a day
No	7851	74.00
Yes	2758	26.00
Cough For at least a Day
No	8228	77.56
Yes	2381	22.44
Breathing Difficulty
No	9207	86.78
Yes	1402	13.22
Dizziness
No	8802	82.97
Yes	1807	17.03
Sore Throat
No	8761	82.58
Yes	1848	17.42
Persistent fever and cough or difficulty in breathing
No	9727	91.69
Yes	882	8.31

Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Error bars are 95% Confidence Intervals.

Table 2

Factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe depression during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

VARIABLES	MILD		MODERATE		SEVERE
VARIABLES	aOR	P VALUE	aOR	P VALUE	aOR	P VALUE
*Demography*
Division of Living
Khulna	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Chittagong	2.16 (1.65, 2.81)	<0.001	4.38 (3.47, 5.55)	<0.001	6.38 (4.77, 8.56)	<0.001
Mymensing	0.96 (0.59, 1.57)	0.875	2.68 (1.86, 3.85)	<0.001	2.51 (1.57, 4.01)	<0.001
Rajshahi	1.42 (1.01, 1.98)	0.042	3.56 (2.74, 4.62)	<0.001	3.77 (2.70, 5.27)	<0.001
Barisal	1.04 (0.77, 1.41)	0.782	1.76 (1.36, 2.27)	<0.001	2.09 (1.50, 2.93)	<0.001
Rangpur	1.91 (1.28, 2.86)	0.002	5.07 (3.65, 7.03)	<0.001	5.68 (3.82, 8.45)	<0.001
Sylhet	5.34 (2.93, 9.75)	<0.001	10.67 (6.05, 18.81)	<0.001	15.17 (8.07, 28.53)	<0.001
Dhaka	1.85 (1.54, 2.22)	<0.001	2.48 (2.11, 2.93)	<0.001	2.88 (2.30, 3.62)	<0.001
Gender
Male	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Female	1.14 (0.99, 1.30)	0.060	1.63 (1.45, 1.83)	<0.001	1.71 (1.47, 1.98)	<0.001
Level of Education
Postgraduate/Post Doctorate	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Graduate	1.47 (1.24, 1.75)	<0.001	1.64 (1.41, 1.90)	<0.001	1.55 (1.28, 1.88)	<0.001
HSC or Equivalent	1.25 (1.03, 1.52)	0.026	2.00 (1.70, 2.35)	<0.001	2.19 (1.79, 2.68)	<0.001
SSC or Equivalent	1.53 (1.14, 2.05)	0.005	3.57 (2.84, 4.48)	<0.001	3.22 (2.44, 4.24)	<0.001
Under SSC	1.61 (1.14, 2.28)	0.007	2.64 (1.97, 3.53)	<0.001	2.89 (2.04, 4.10)	<0.001
Age in category
18–27 years	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
28–37 years	1.16 (0.94, 1.44)	0.166	1.21 (1.02, 1.43)	0.032	1.49 (1.23, 1.82)	<0.001
38–47 years	0.84 (0.63, 1.13)	0.246	1.10 (0.89, 1.37)	0.367	0.80 (0.61, 1.04)	0.090
48–57 years	1.90 (1.40, 2.58)	<0.001	1.18 (0.91, 1.52)	0.206	1.03 (0.76, 1.39)	0.848
58+ years	0.35 (0.19, 0.65)	0.001	0.96 (0.68, 1.37)	0.828	0.80 (0.52, 1.25)	0.332
Marital Status
Single	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Married	0.68 (0.56, 0.84)	<0.001	1.42 (1.20, 1.68)	<0.001	1.69 (1.36, 2.10)	<0.001
Divorced/Widowed	1.12 (0.71, 1.78)	0.626	1.71 (1.15, 2.53)	0.008	2.43 (1.56, 3.76)	<0.001
Working Status
Working (Full time)	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Working (Part time)	1.23 (0.97, 1.56)	0.089	0.74 (0.61, 0.89)	0.002	0.88 (0.71, 1.10)	0.281
No working/Student	0.72 (0.59, 0.89)	0.002	0.40 (0.33, 0.47)	<0.001	0.27 (0.22, 0.34)	<0.001
*Household factor*
Living Arrangement
Living with Family	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Living Alone	1.27 (1.04, 1.54)	0.019	1.91 (1.61, 2.28)	<0.001	2.22 (1.80, 2.74)	<0.001
Shared accommodation/Living with Flatmates	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)	0.039	1.77 (1.37, 2.29)	<0.001	1.68 (1.20, 2.35)	0.002
Household Size
1–2 People	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
3–4 People	0.55 (0.45, 0.78)	<0.001	0.72 (0.59, 0.87)	0.001	0.60 (0.48, 0.75)	<0.001
Have you been tested for COVID-19?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes, I Tested Negative	1.85 (1.38, 2.49)	<0.001	2.52 (1.94, 3.26)	<0.001	2.24 (1.67, 3.02)	<0.001
Yes, I Tested Positive	1.48 (0.87, 2.54)	0.152	2.08 (1.31, 3.28)	0.002	1.92 (1.17, 3.16)	0.010
*Compliance with Public health measures*
Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	0.77 (0.66, 0.91)	0.002	1.41 (1.21, 1.64)	<0.001	1.89 (1.53, 2.33)	<0.001
Avoid Public Transport
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.91 (0.62, 1.33)	0.626	2.57 (1.86, 3.56)	<0.001	2.52 (1.70, 3.73)	<0.001
Avoid Shaking Hands
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.69 (0.48, 1.00)	0.051	1.08 (0.78, 1.48)	0.651	1.76 (1.20, 2.56)	0.003
Wearing Face Mask when going out
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.92 (0.66, 1.28)	0.634	1.28 (0.97, 1.71)	0.081	1.39 (0.99, 1.96)	0.057
Avoid Large Gatherings
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.53 (1.10, 2.12)	0.011	0.62 (0.46, 0.82)	0.001	0.67 (0.48, 0.95)	0.023
Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.76 (0.61, 0.95)	0.017	0.50 (0.41, 0.62)	<0.001	0.56 (0.43, 0.73)	<0.001
Health Condition experienced in the Last Week
Fever
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.25 (0.99, 1.57)	0.051	0.90 (0.74, 1.10)	0.290	1.37 (1.09, 1.72)	0.006
Chills
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.32 (1.01, 1.72)	0.041	2.05 (1.65, 2.56)	<0.001	2.19 (1.72, 2.78)	<0.001
Headache
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.15 (0.98, 1.36)	0.089	1.43 (1.25, 1.64)	<0.001	1.13 (0.96, 1.35)	0.144
Cough
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.55 (2.14, 3.03)	<0.001	2.45 (2.10, 2.86)	<0.001	1.68 (1.39, 2.02)	<0.001
Breathing Difficulty
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	3.29 (2.48, 4.35)	<0.001	3.15 (2.47, 4.03)	<0.001	4.43 (3.41, 5.76)	<0.001
Dizziness
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.92 (1.53, 2.40)	<0.001	2.42 (1.99, 2.93)	<0.001	1.86 (1.49, 2.32)	0.001
Sore Throat
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.84 (1.48, 2.27)	<0.001	2.26 (1.89, 2.70)	<0.001	2.15 (1.75, 2.65)	<0.001

[i] Adjusted odd ratios (aOR); 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Spatial distribution of depression during COVID-19 in Bangladesh by division.

Table 3

Factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe anxiety during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

VARIABLES	MILD		MODERATE		SEVERE
VARIABLES	aOR	P-VALUE	aOR	P-VALUE	aOR	P-VALUE
*Demography*
Division of Living
Khulna	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Chittagong	1.38 (0.91, 2.09)	0.124	3.28 (2.23, 4.83)	<0.001	6.26 (4.40, 8.90)	<0.001
Mymensing	1.57 (0.84, 2.92)	0.159	2.30 (1.24, 4.26)	0.008	5.26 (3.04, 9.12)	<0.001
Rajshahi	0.65 (0.44, 0.95)	0.026	1.11 (0.77, 1.60)	0.582	2.26 (1.68, 3.04)	<0.001
Barisal	1.25 (0.92, 1.69)	0.149	1.07 (0.76, 1.50)	0.697	1.60 (1.21, 2.11)	0.001
Rangpur	1.19 (0.67, 2.11)	0.561	2.17 (1.26, 3.75)	0.005	5.86 (3.64, 9.42)	<0.001
Sylhet	3.32 (0.38, 28.84)	0.277	20.25 (2.71, 151.42)	<0.001	38.54 (5.30, 280.02)	<0.001
Dhaka	1.13 (0.93, 1.38)	0.233	1.70 (1.38, 2.09)	<0.001	2.91 (2.44, 3.47)	<0.001
Gender
Male	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Female	1.20 (1.01, 1.43)	0.039	1.53 (1.29, 1.82)	<0.001	1.91 (1.65, 2.21)	<0.001
Level of Education
Postgraduate/Post Doctorate	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Graduate	1.10 (0.89, 1.36)	0.363	1.19 (0.97, 1.47)	<0.001	1.51 (1.26, 1.81)	<0.001
HSC or Equivalent	0.75 (0.59, 0.95)	0.016	1.06 (0.84, 1.34)	0.608	1.78 (1.46, 2.16)	<0.001
SSC or Equivalent	0.96 (0.69, 1.34)	0.811	0.88 (0.62, 1.25)	0.465	2.34 (1.78, 3.07)	<0.001
Under SSC	2.13 (1.38, 3.28)	0.001	1.45 (0.90, 2.33)	0.124	3.37 (2.30, 4.94)	<0.001
Age in category
18–27 years	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
28–37 years	0.46 (0.35, 0.60)	<0.001	0.60 (0.46, 0.78)	<0.001	0.45 (0.36, 0.56)	<0.001
38–47 years	0.39 (0.28, 0.54)	<0.001	0.30 (0.21, 0.42)	<0.001	0.27 (0.21, 0.36)	<0.001
48–57 years	0.19 (0.12, 0.28)	<0.001	0.30 (0.20, 0.44)	<0.001	0.31 (0.23, 0.42)	<0.001
58+ years	0.10 (0.056, 0.18)	<0.001	0.17 (0.10. 0.29)	<0.001	0.18 (0.12, 0.26)	<0.001
Marital Status
Single	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Married	0.76 (0.58, 0.98)	0.037	0.80 (0.62, 1.03)	0.088	1.09 (0.88, 1.35)	0.433
Divorced/Widowed	4.98 (2.22, 11.13)	<0.001	6.38 (2.94, 13.89)	<0.001	6.00 (2.88, 12.50)	<0.001
Working Status
Working (Full time)	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Working (Part time)	0.90 (0.66, 1.23)	0.505	0.90 (0.67, 1.23)	0.520	0.79 (0.61, 1.01)	0.058
No working/Student	0.78 (0.61, 1.01)	0.060	0.96 (0.74, 1.24)	0.761	0.51 (0.41, 0.63)	<0.001
*Household factor*
Living Arrangement
Living with Family	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Living Alone	0.83 (0.62, 1.12)	0.227	1.13 (0.86, 1.45)	0.366	1.70 (1.35, 2.16)	<0.001
Shared accommodation/Living with Flatmates	1.87 (1.19, 2.92)	0.006	2.10 (1.34, 3.29)	0.001	2.42 (1.60, 3.64)	<0.001
Household Size
1–2 People	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
3–4 People	0.61 (0.42, 0.88)	0.008	0.63 (0.45, 0.90)	0.011	0.37 (0.27, 0.50)	<0.001
Have you been tested for COVID-19?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes, I Tested Negative	1.02 (0.65, 1.61)	0.932	1.38 (0.92, 2.07)	0.120	1.85 (1.31, 2.63)	0.001
Yes, I Tested Positive	1.45 (0.56, 3.74)	0.439	2.44 (1.05, 5.68)	0.038	2.31 (1.05, 5.09)	0.038
*Compliance with Public health measures*
Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.27 (1.81, 2.86)	<0.001	1.53 (1.23, 1.89)	<0.001	1.44 (1.20, 1.73)	<0.001
Avoid Public Transport
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.40 (0.21, 0.74)	0.004	0.74 (0.42, 1.32)	0.306	1.49 (0.88, 2.52)	0.135
Avoid Shaking Hands
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.52 (0.28, 0.94)	0.030	0.48 (0.28, 0.85)	0.011	0.81 (0.49, 1.34)	0.411
Wearing Face Mask when going out
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	2.34 (1.40, 3.94)	0.001	1.15 (0.71, 1.87)	0.574	1.82 (1.17, 2.81)	0.007
Avoid Large Gatherings
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.20 (0.70, 2.05)	0.500	0.94 (0.57, 1.56)	0.819	0.48 (0.30, 0.76)	0.002
Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.62 (0.43, 0.89)	0.009	0.58 (0.42, 0.83)	0.003	0.36 (0.26, 0.50)	<0.001
Health Condition experienced in the Last Week
Fever
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.07 (1.35, 3.17)	0.001	1.92 (1.27, 2.89)	0.002	2.80 (1.92, 4.08)	<0.001
Chills
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.32 (0.78, 2.25)	0.299	2.75 (1.74, 4.35)	<0.001	4.63 (3.05, 7.02)	<0.001
Headache
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.54 (1.98, 3.27)	<0.001	2.43 (1.90, 3.10)	<0.001	2.17 (1.74, 2.69)	0.144
Cough
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.17 (1.62, 2.90)	<0.001	2.51 (1.90, 3.31)	<0.001	2.81 (2.18, 3.63)	<0.001
Breathing Difficulty
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	0.63 (0.41, 0.97)	0.038	1.03 (0.71, 1.50)	0.878	1.67 (1.21, 3.30)	0.002
Dizziness
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	0.88 (0.63, 1.23)	0.458	1.21 (0.89, 1.65)	0.215	1.21 (0.92, 1.59)	0.170
Sore Throat
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	0.86 (0.60, 1.22)	0.390	2.13 (1.57, 2.91)	<0.001	1.88 (1.42, 2.49)	<0.001

[i] Adjusted odd ratios (aOR); 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Spatial distribution of anxiety during COVID-19 in Bangladesh by division.

Table 4

Factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe stress during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

VARIABLES	MILD		MODERATE		SEVERE
VARIABLES	aOR	P-VALUE	aOR	P-VALUE	aOR	P-VALUE
*Demography*
Division of Living
Khulna	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Chittagong	2.10 (1.61, 2.74)	<0.001	3.70 (2.92, 4.68)	<0.001	2.87 (2.17, 3.78)	<0.001
Mymensing	2.18 (1.44, 3.29)	<0.001	2.10 (1.44, 3.08)	<0.001	1.85 (1.18, 2.89)	0.007
Rajshahi	3.16 (2.36, 4.23)	<0.001	2.72 (2.05, 3.60)	<0.001	2.98 (2.18, 4.06)	<0.001
Barisal	1.25 (0.91, 1.71)	0.168	1.82 (1.38, 2.39)	<0.001	1.36 (0.97, 1.89)	0.074
Rangpur	2.51 (1.76, 3.58)	<0.001	3.73 (2.723, 5.11	<0.001	3.21 (2.23, 4.61)	<0.001
Sylhet	2.86 (1.81, 4.52)	<0.001	2.71 (1.72, 4.37)	<0.001	3.77 (2.32, 6.13)	<0.001
Dhaka	1.82 (1.49, 2.23)	<0.001	2.42 (2.00, 2.91)	<0.001	3.07 (2.48, 3.80)	<0.001
Gender
Male	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Female	1.62 (1.42, 1.87)	<0.001	1.54 (1.37, 1.74)	<0.001	1.82 (1.58, 2.09)	<0.001
Level of Education
Postgraduate/Post Doctorate	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Graduate	1.85 (1.54, 2.22)	<0.001	2.11 (1.80, 2.47)	<0.001	1.89 (1.58, 2.27)	<0.001
HSC or Equivalent	1.69 (1.38, 2.06)	<0.001	1.92 (1.62, 2.28)	<0.001	1.98 (1.64, 2.39)	<0.001
SSC or Equivalent	2.61 (2.02, 3.37)	<0.001	2.56 (2.03, 3.22)	<0.001	3.09 (2.41, 3.94)	<0.001
Under SSC	1.72 (1.24, 2.40)	0.001	1.61 (1.20, 2.17)	0.002	2.43 (1.79, 3.30)	<0.001
Age in category
18–27 years	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
28–37 years	1.72 (1.42, 2.09)	<0.001	1.49 (1.27, 1.76)	<0.001	1.61 (1.35, 1.92)	<0.001
38–47 years	1.96 (1.54, 2.50)	<0.001	1.49 (1.21, 1.84)	<0.001	1.42 (1.13, 1.80)	0.003
48–57 years	1.16 (0.85, 1.60)	0.345	1.15 (0.89, 1.49)	0.275	1..95 (1.51, 2.51)	<0.001
58+ years	5.31 (3.63, 7.76)	<0.001	2.25 (1.53, 3.33)	<0.001	2.83 (1.87, 4.28)	<0.001
Marital Status
Single	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Married	1.72 (1.41, 2.11)	<0.001	1.43 (1.20, 1.71)	<0.001	2.05 (1.67, 2.51)	<0.001
Divorced/Widowed	1.97 (1.38, 2.82)	<0.001	1.31 (0.94, 1.83)	0.106	1.54 (1.06, 2.24)	0.024
Working Status
Working (Full time)	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Working (Part time)	1.11 (0.90, 1.38)	0.329	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)	0.324	0.68 (0.56, 0.84)	<0.001
No working/Student	0.96 (0.79, 1.17)	0.714	0.36 (0.31, 0.43)	<0.001	0.27 (0.22, 0.34)	<0.001
*Household factor*
Living Arrangement
Living with Family	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Living Alone	1.60 (1.33, 1.93)	<0.001	1.67 (1.41, 1.98)	<0.001	1.71 (1.40, 2.08)	<0.001
Shared accommodation/Living with Flatmates	1.02 (0.75, 1.40)	0.883	1.59 (1.23, 2.06)	<0.001	2.26 (1.69, 3.02)	<0.001
Household Size
1–2 People	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
3–4 People	0.76 (0.62, 0.93)	0.007	0.74 (0.61, 0.88)	0.001	0.58 (0.47, 0.70)	<0.001
Have you been tested for COVID-19?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes, I Tested Negative	1.57 (1.23, 2.01)	<0.001	1.77 (1.42, 2.21)	<0.001	1.22 (0.94, 1.57)	0.136
Yes, I Tested Positive	1.38 (0.95, 2.01)	0.095	1.42 (1.01, 1.99)	0.046	1.10 (0.75, 1.60)	0.636
*Compliance with Public health measures*
Have You Enforced Protective Measures Inside Your Home to Protect Yourself and Your Family from COVID 19?
*Yes*	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.08 (0.85, 1.38)	0.540	1.18 (0.94, 1.47)	0.148	1.28 (1.00, 1.65)	0.049
Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days?
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.28 (1.07, 1.53)	0.007	2.09 (1.75, 2.49)	<0.001	1.92 (1.55, 2.38)	<0.001
Avoid Public Transport
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.08 (0.80, 1.47)	0.601	1.60 (1.20, 2.13)	0.001	4.02 (2.74, 5.91)	<0.001
Avoid Shaking Hands
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.94 (0.70, 1.27)	0.700	0.68 (0.52, 0.90)	0.007	1.63 (1.15, 2.30)	0.006
Wearing Face Mask when going out
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.25 (0.95, 1.64)	0.107	1.15 (0.89, 1.48)	0.291	1.64 (1.19, 2.25)	0.002
Avoid Large Gatherings
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	1.12 (0.86, 1.47)	0.398	1.72 (1.35, 2.19)	<0.001	1.18 (0.88, 1.58)	0.257
Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19
Yes	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
No	0.55 (0.45, 0.68)	<0.001	0.99 (0.81, 1.21)	0.916	0.66 (0.51, 0.84)	0.001
Health Condition experienced in the Last Week
Fever
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	0.96 (0.78, 1.17)	0.663	1.11 (0.93, 1.32)	0.252	1.07 (0.88, 1.31)	0.509
Chills
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.99 (1.62, 2.44)	<0.001	2.07 (1.72, 2.49)	<0.001	2.01 (1.65, 2.46)	<0.001
Headache
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.26 (1.08, 1.48)	0.004	1.63 (1.42, 1.86)	<0.001	1.50 (1.29, 1.75)	<0.001
Cough
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.27 (1.08, 1.50)	0.004	1.79 (1.56, 2.07)	<0.001	1.32 (1.12, 1.55)	0.001
Breathing Difficulty
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	2.14 (1.74, 2.62)	<0.001	1.73 (1.44, 2.08)	<0.001	2.18 (1.79, 2.66)	<0.001
Dizziness
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.45 (1.20, 1.76)	<0.001	1.91 (1.63, 2.25)	<0.001	1.50 (1.25, 1.80)	<0.001
Sore Throat
No	*1.00*		*1.00*		*1.00*
Yes	1.33 (1.11, 1.60)	0.002	1.38 (1.18, 1.61)	<0.001	1.39 (1.16, 1.66)	<0.001

[i] Adjusted odd ratios (aOR); 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Spatial distribution of stress during COVID-19 in Bangladesh by division.

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3269 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Published on: Apr 26, 2021

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2021 Tanvir Abir, Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Dewan Muhammad Nur-A Yazdani, Taha Husain, Piwuna Christopher Goson, Palash Basak, Md Adnan Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun, P. Yukthamarani Permarupan, Md Yusuf Hossein Khan, Abul Hasnat Milton, Kingsley E. Agho, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 87 (2021): Issue 1

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Survey-Based Cross- Sectional Study

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Figure 1

Table 2

Figure 2

Table 3

Figure 3

Table 4

Figure 4

Paradigm

My account