Figure 1
PRISMA Diagram demonstrating search strategy and inclusion criteria for the scoping review and meta-analysis.
Table 1
Maternal mortality analysis comparing women who stayed in an MWH prior to giving birth to women who did not stay in an MWH prior to giving birth across 11 observational studies.
n = number of women enrolled in study; MM = maternal mortality, OR = odds ratio.
| FIRST AUTHOR | TOTAL N | MWH N | NON-MWH N | MM MWH | PERCENT MATERNAL DEATH | MM NON-MWH | PERCENT MATERNAL DEATH | ADJUSTED OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poovan | 777 | 142 | 635 | 0 | 0.00% | 13 | 2.04% | 0.16 |
| Van Lonkhuijzen | 510 | 218 | 292 | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.34% | 0.44 |
| Andemichael | 1128 | 862 | 266 | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 1.88% | 0.03 |
| Kelly | 24148 | 6805 | 17343 | 6 | 0.08% | 187 | 1.08% | 0.08 |
| Gaym | 4275 | 902 | 3373 | 0 | 0.00% | 12 | 0.36% | 0.15 |
| Lori | 18044 | 8477 | 9567 | 3 | 0.03% | 12 | 0.13% | 0.25 |
| Braat | 17679 | 2784 | 14895 | 0 | 0.00% | 51 | 0.34% | 0.05 |
| Fogliati | 1077 | 348 | 729 | 1 | 0.29% | 4 | 0.55% | 0.52 |
| Meshesha | 516 | 86 | 430 | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.23% | 1.66 |
| Tumwine | 1053 | 280 | 773 | 1 | 0.36% | 3 | 0.39% | 0.91 |
| Spaans | 1041 | 616 | 425 | 1 | 0.16% | 2 | 0.47% | 0.34 |
| Total | 70248 | 21520 | 48728 | 12 | 0.05% | 291 | 0.60% | 0.19 |
Figure 2
Forest plot demonstrating effects of MWHs on maternal mortality across 11 observational studies.
Table 2
Perinatal mortality analysis comparing women who stayed in an MWH prior to giving birth to women who did not stay in an MWH prior to giving birth across 11 observational studies.
| FIRST AUTHOR | TOTAL N | MWH N | NON-MWH N | PM MWH | PERCENT PERINATAL DEATH | PM NON-MWH | PERCENT PERINATAL DEATH | ADJUSTED OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poovan* | 777 | 142 | 635 | 4 | 2.82% | 161 | 25.35% | 0.09 |
| Millard | 854 | 502 | 352 | 17 | 3.39% | 24 | 6.82% | 0.43 |
| Kelly* | 24148 | 6805 | 17343 | 120 | 1.76% | 3316 | 19.12% | 0.08 |
| Gaym* | 4275 | 902 | 3373 | 48 | 5.32% | 276 | 8.18% | 0.63 |
| Lori | 18044 | 8477 | 9567 | 24 | 0.28% | 60 | 0.63% | 0.45 |
| Braat* | 17679 | 2784 | 14895 | 38 | 1.36% | 1110 | 7.45% | 0.17 |
| Fogliati | 1077 | 348 | 729 | 14 | 4.02% | 41 | 5.62% | 0.70 |
| Meshesha* | 516 | 86 | 430 | 1 | 1.16% | 25 | 5.81% | 0.19 |
| Nigussie | 829 | 323 | 506 | 0 | 0.00% | 43 | 8.50% | 0.02 |
| Tumwine | 1053 | 280 | 773 | 3 | 1.07% | 16 | 2.07% | 0.51 |
| Singh | 141 | 46 | 95 | 0 | 0.00% | 4 | 4.21% | 3.40 |
| Total | 69393 | 20695 | 48698 | 269 | 1.30% | 5076 | 10.42% | 0.29 |
[i] n = number of women enrolled in study; PM = perinatal mortality, OR = odds ratio; * Stillbirth used as proxy for perinatal mortality.
Figure 3
Forest plot demonstrating effects of MWHs on perinatal mortality or stillbirth across 11 observational studies.
Table 3
Caesarian section analysis comparing women who stayed in an MWH prior to giving birth to women who did not stay in an MWH prior to giving birth across 9 observational studies.
n = number of women enrolled in study; OR = odds ratio.
| FIRST AUTHOR | TOTAL N | MWH N | NON-MWH N | C-SECTION MWH | PERCENT C-SECTION | C-SECTION NON-MWH | PERCENT C-SECTION | ADJUSTED OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poovan | 777 | 142 | 635 | 44 | 31.00% | 88 | 13.86% | 2.79 |
| Millard | 854 | 502 | 352 | 37 | 7.37% | 46 | 13.07% | 0.53 |
| Kelly | 24148 | 6805 | 17343 | 2632 | 38.68% | 3520 | 20.30% | 2.48 |
| Gaym | 4275 | 902 | 3373 | 347 | 38.47% | 674 | 19.98% | 2.50 |
| Braat | 17679 | 2784 | 14895 | 1145 | 41.13% | 2414 | 16.21% | 3.61 |
| Fogliati | 1077 | 348 | 729 | 104 | 29.89% | 222 | 30.45% | 0.97 |
| Meshesha | 516 | 86 | 430 | 25 | 29.07% | 55 | 12.79% | 2.79 |
| Tumwine | 1053 | 280 | 773 | 32 | 11.43% | 96 | 12.42% | 0.91 |
| Getachew | 812 | 406 | 406 | 72 | 17.73% | 36 | 8.87% | 2.22 |
| Total | 51191 | 12255 | 38936 | 4438 | 36.21% | 7151 | 18.37% | 1.80 |
Figure 4
Forest plot demonstrating effects of MWHs on C-section across 9 observational studies.
Table 4
Qualitative characteristics of MWHs identified from the 66 observational studies reviewed.
| COUNTRY | ARTICLES RETRIEVED | DIRECT COST | ADMISSION CRITERIA | PROVISIONS AND FACILITIES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEE CHARGED | FREE | HIGH RISK | FACILITY REFERRAL | NONE | FOOD PROVIDED | TOILET AND SHOWERS | KITCHEN FACILITIES | ||
| Ethiopia | 14 | 1 | 7 | 3 | – | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Ghana | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Guatemala | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Kenya | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Liberia | 7 | – | 4 | 2 | – | 2 | – | 2 | 2 |
| Malawi | 5 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Nicaragua | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Nigeria | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tanzania | 3 | 3 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Timor-Leste | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Zambia | 19 | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| Zimbabwe | 9 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | – |
| Total | 66 | 13 | 15 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 15 |