Prevalence and Associated Factors of Stunting among School Age Children in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia 2021

VARIABLE	RESPONSE	N	%
Sex of the child	Male	282	46.5
Sex of the child	Female	325	53.5
Age of the child	Less than 14 years	547	90.1
Age of the child	Greater than 15 years	60	9.9
Birth weight	Less than 2500 mg	150	24.7
	2500–4000 mg	429	70.7
	Greater than 4000 mg	28	4.6
	Institution	468	77.1
Place of delivery	Home	139	22.9

[i] Note: N = frequency, % = percentage.

Table 2

Maternal or caretaker characteristics in Addis Ababa city.

VARIABLE	CATEGORY	FREQUENCY	PERCENTAGE
Head of household	Father	387	63.8
Head of household	Mother	220	36.2
Maternal occupation	Housewife	310	51.1
	Self-employed	115	18.9
	Government employed	117	19.3
	Day laborer	65	10.3
Maternal educational status	Can’t read and write	75	12.4
	Can read and write	223	36.6
	Primary	124	20.4
	Secondary	109	18
	College and above	76	12.5
Monthly income (EBR)	Less than 3000	358	59
	3001–6000	181	29.8
	6001–9000	33	5.4
	Greater than 9001	35	5.8
Number of children	1–3	461	75
	4–6	133	21.9
	More than 7	13	2.1
Maternal age when giving birth	Less than 28 years	499	82.2
Maternal age when giving birth	More than 28 years	108	17.8

[i] Note: N = frequency, % = percentage.

Table 3

Health care practice and feeding-related factors.

VARIABLE	RESPONSE	N	%
Child dewormed	Yes	367	60.5
Child dewormed	No	240	39.5
Child take vitamin A	Yes	461	75.9
Child take vitamin A	No	146	24.1
Child complete immunization	Yes	517	85.2
Child complete immunization	No	90	14.8
Family planning used before pregnancy	Yes	257	42.3
Family planning used before pregnancy	No	350	57.7
ANC follow-up before giving birth	Yes	479	78.9
ANC follow-up before giving birth	No	128	21.1
Extra food during pregnancy	Yes	415	68.4
Extra food during pregnancy	No	192	31.6
Type of extra food	Cereals	129	21.3
	Meat and meat product	85	14
	Fruit and vegetable	176	29
	Fat and sweet	7	1.2
	Milk and milk product	80	13.2

[i] Note: N = frequency, % = percentage, ANC = antenatal care.

Table 4

Environmental and hygiene-related factors.

VARIABLE	RESPONSE	N	%
Type of roof	Steel	573	94.4
Type of roof	Clay	34	5.6
Wall and floor	Mud	342	56.3
Wall and floor	Cement	265	43.7
Number of rooms in the house	One	236	38.9
	Two	169	27.8
	Three	106	17.5
	Four	96	15.8
Type of toilet	Cement	410	67.5
	Wood	71	11.7
	Other	126	20.6
Source of water	Ground water	49	8.1
	Pipe	485	79.9
	Packed bottle	61	10
	Spring	12	2
Access to and sufficient water for daily use	Yes	408	67.2
Access to and sufficient water for daily use	No	199	32.8
Time to fetch water	Less than 15 min	294	48.4
	15–30 min	160	26.4
	Greater than 30 min	153	25.2

[i] Note: N = frequency, % = percentage.

Table 5

Feeding habit and comorbidity of related characteristics.

VARIABLE	RESPONSE	N	%
Length of time breastfeeding	Not at all	24	4
	6–24 month	197	32.5
	Less than 6 months	208	34.3
	Moer than 24 months	176	29.3
Complementary feeding starting time	Before six months	90	14.8
	At six months	267	44
	After six months	191	31.5
	At four months	59	9.7
Type of complementary feeding food	Cereals	218	35.9
	Meat and meat products	33	5.4
	Fruits and vegetables	129	21.3
	Fats and sweets	5	8
	Milk and milk products	222	36.6
Daily feeding frequency	1–3 times	391	64.4
	4–6 times	158	26
	More than six times	58	9.6
Frequency of feeding meat	Daily	39	6.4
	3–4 times per week	220	36.2
	Monthly	348	57.3
Frequency of feeding fats and sweets	Daily	98	16.1
	Monthly	283	46.6
	3–4 times per week	226	37.2
Fasting before childbirth	Yes	435	71.3
Fasting before childbirth	No	172	28.3
Time of fasting	During fasting season	239	54.3
Time of fasting	Wednesday and Friday	201	45.7

[i] Note: N = frequency, % = percentage.

Table 6

Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify determinants of stunting among primary school age children in Addis Ababa public primary schools, Ethiopia, 2021 (n = 607).

VARIABLE	CATEGORY	NUTRITIONAL STATUS		COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
VARIABLE	CATEGORY	STUNTED (%)	NOT STUNTED (%)	COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
Sex	Male	61 (21.6)	221 (78.4)	1.62 (1.07–2.48)	0.616 (0.34–0.96)*
Sex	Female	47 (14.5)	278 (85.5)	1.0	1.0
Types of water source	Pipe	93 (19.2)	392 (80.8)	0.267 (0.05–1.4)	3.40 (1.12–10.37)*
	Packed bottle	8 (13.1)	53 (86.9)	0.72 (0.19–2.78)	3.15 (0.79–12.52)
	Spring	3 (25.0)	9 (75)	0.45 (0.10–2.03)	3.37 (0.59–19.33)
	Ground water	4 (8.2)	45 (91.8)	1.0	1.0
Duration of breast feeding	Not at all	6 (25.0)	18 (75)	0.60 (0.22–1.64)	3.41 (1.09–10.7)*
	<6 month	33 (16.8)	164 (83.2)	0.81 (0.301–2.20)	1.12 (0.62–2.03)
	6–24 month	44 (21.2)	164 (78.8)	0.49 (0.18–1.35)	1.36 (0.77–2.40)
	>24 months	25 (14.0)	153 (86)	1.0	1.0
Maternal education	Can’t read and write	16 (21)	59 (78.7)	2.118 (1.04–4.33)	1.69 (0.78–3.62)
	Can read and write	51 (22.9)	172 (77.1)	2.32 (1.33–4.02)	2.11 (1.15–3.88)*
	Primary	20 (16.1)	104 (83.9)	1.52 (0.78–2.90)	1.19 (0.59–2.39)
	Secondary +	21 (11.1)	164 (88.6)	1.0	1.0

[i] * P-value < 0.05.

AOR	Adjusted Odds Ratio
CI	Confidence Interval
COR	Crude Odds Ratio
DHS	Demographic Health Survey
EBF	Exclusive breast-feeding
ECCE	Early Childhood Care and Education schools
FP	Family Planning
H.H	House Hold
Ht/Age	Height for age
MOE	Ministry of Education
NCHS	National Center for Health Statistics
SD	Standard Deviation
SAC	School Age Children
SPSS	Statistical Package for Social Sciences
UNICEF	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
WHO	World Health Organization

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3751 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996

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Language: English

Submitted on: Feb 21, 2022

Accepted on: Jun 25, 2022

Published on: Jul 21, 2022

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

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© 2022 Sindew Mahmud Ahmed, Sisay Shine, Genet Asefa, Melaku Belay, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 88 (2022): Issue 1