Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, Kano, Nigeria, 2016.
| Characteristics | Frequency No. (%) N = 400 |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 201 (50.2) |
| Female | 199 (49.8) |
| Age group | |
| <20 | 9 (2.3) |
| 20–29 | 253 (63.3) |
| 30–39 | 103 (25.8) |
| ≥40 | 35 (8.8) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hausa | 303 (75.8) |
| Fulani | 40 (10.0) |
| Yoruba | 31 (7.7) |
| Igbo | 11 (2.8) |
| Others | 15 (3.7) |
| Religion | |
| Islam | 371 (92.8) |
| Christianity | 29 (7.3) |
| Education | |
| No formal | 12 (3.0) |
| Primary | 17 (4.3) |
| Secondary | 129 (32.3) |
| Post-Secondary | 242 (60.5) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 224 (56.0) |
| Ever Married | 176 (44.0) |
| Occupation | |
| Unemployed | 27 (6.8) |
| Homemaker | 100 (25.0) |
| Trading | 81 (20.2) |
| Civil servant | 105 (26.2) |
| Others+ | 87 (21.8) |
| No. of children | |
| 0 | 294 (73.5) |
| 1–4 | 79 (19.8) |
| ≥5 | 27 (6.8) |
[i] + Farmer, Tailor/Seamstress, Driver/Commercial tricylist, Barber/Hair dresser.
Table 2
Obstetric risk perception and danger sign recognition, Kano, Nigeria, 2016.
| Factors perceived to adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy | Frequency No. (%) N = 400 |
|---|---|
| Maternal age | 257 (64.3) |
| Previous history of abortion | 148 (37.0) |
| Previous post-partum hemorrhage | 144 (36.0) |
| Previous operative delivery | 127 (31.8) |
| Number of previous births | 125 (31.3) |
| Maternal weight | 89 (22.3) |
| Previous neonatal death | 85 (21.3) |
| Maternal height | 71 (17.8) |
| Recognition of danger symptoms/signs during pregnancy | |
| Vaginal bleeding | 307 (76.8) |
| Seizures | 178 (44.5) |
| Severe abdominal pain | 139 (34.8) |
| Loss of consciousness | 112 (28.0) |
| Swollen hands and face | 98 (24.5) |
| High fever | 97 (24.3) |
| Severe headache | 92 (23.0) |
| Water breakage before labour | 90 (22.5) |
| Difficult breathing | 88 (22.0) |
| Accelerated/reduced fetal movement | 72 (18.0) |
| Blurred vision | 62 (15.5) |
| Others (severe weakness, pallor etc.) | 7 (1.8) |
| Recognition of danger symptoms/signs during labour | |
| Severe bleeding | 311 (77.8) |
| Seizures | 222 (55.5) |
| Loss of consciousness | 153 (38.3) |
| High fever | 111 (27.8) |
| Labour lasting >12 hours | 104 (26.0) |
| Placenta not delivered 30 minutes after the baby | 104 (26.0) |
| Severe headache | 79 (19.8) |
| Others (hand prolapse, cord prolapse) | 2 (0.5) |
| Recognition of danger symptoms/signs after delivery | |
| Severe bleeding | 322 (80.5) |
| Convulsion | 168 (42.0) |
| High fever | 114 (28.5) |
| Loss of consciousness | 112 (28.0) |
| Malodorous vaginal discharge | 89 (22.3) |
| Difficult breathing | 81 (20.3) |
| Blurred vision | 80 (20.0) |
| Severe headache | 73 (18.3) |
| Severe weakness/dizziness/pallor | 68 (17.0) |
| Swollen hands/face | 64 (16.0) |
Table 3
Logistic regression model for predictors of obstetric risk perception, Kano, Nigeria, 2016.
| Characteristics | βGood obstetric risk perception No. (%) N = 168 | Poor obstetric risk perception No. (%) N = 232 | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)** | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 73 (43.5) | 128 (55.2) | Ref | ||
| Female | 95 (56.5) | 104 (44.8) | 1.6 (1.07–2.39) | 3.10 (1.67–5.74) | 0.018† |
| Age group | |||||
| <20 | 3 (1.8) | 6 (2.6) | Ref | ||
| 20–29 | 123 (73.2) | 130 (56.0) | 1.89 (0.46–7.73) | 4.60 (0.75–28.4) | 0.13 |
| 30–39 | 27 (16.1) | 76 (32.8) | 0.71 (0.17–3.04) | 2.53 (0.37–17.3) | 0.27 |
| ≥40 | 15 (8.9) | 20 (8.6) | 1.5 (0.32–6.9) | 2.68 (0.35–20.5) | 0.51 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hausa | 114 (67.9) | 189 (81.5) | Ref | ||
| Fulani | 15 (8.9) | 25 (10.8) | 0.99 (0.50–1.97) | 1.22 (0.56–2.67) | 0.42 |
| Yoruba | 25 (14.9) | 6 (2.6) | 6.9 (2.75–17.35) | 7.53 (2.51–22.6) | 0.026† |
| Igbo | 6 (3.6) | 5 (2.2) | 1.99 (0.59–6.67) | 3.34 (0.56–20.12) | 0.63 |
| Others | 8 (4.8) | 7 (3.0) | 1.89 (0.67–5.36) | 1.87 (0.48–7.32) | 0.25 |
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 150 (89.3) | 221 (95.3) | Ref | ||
| Christianity | 18 (10.7) | 11 (4.7) | 2.41 (1.11–5.25) | 1.01 (0.28–3.65) | 0.16 |
| Education | |||||
| No formal | 4 (2.4) | 7 (3.0) | Ref | ||
| Primary | 1 (0.6) | 16 (6.9) | 0.11 (0.01–1.16) | 0.13 (0.01–1.74) | 0.72 |
| Secondary | 43 (25.6) | 87 (37.5) | 0.86 (0.24–3.12) | 0.61 (0.13–2.83) | 0.55 |
| Post-secondary | 120 (71.4) | 122 (52.6) | 1.72 (0.49–6.03) | 1.22 (0.26–5.66) | 0.24 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Unemployed | 6 (3.6) | 21 (9.1) | Ref | ||
| Homemaker | 31 (18.5) | 69 (29.7) | 2.04 (1.10–3.79) | 1.41 (0.66–3.00) | 0.44 |
| Civil servant | 47 (28.0) | 58 (25.0) | 0.72 (0.26–2.01) | 0.83 (0.26–2.66) | 0.36 |
| Trading | 23 (13.7) | 58 (25.0) | 1.13 (0.59–2.15) | 0.68 (0.31–1.49) | 0.53 |
| Others+ | 61 (36.3) | 26 (11.2) | 5.91 (3.04–11.5) | 4.07 (1.87–8.84) | 0.004† |
| Number of children | |||||
| 0 | 131 (78.0) | 163 (70.3) | Ref | ||
| 1–4 | 33 (19.6) | 46 (19.8) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 0.69 (0.32–1.52) | 0.15 |
| ≥5 | 4 (2.4) | 23 (9.9) | 0.22 (0.07–0.64) | 0.23 (0.06–0.92) | 0.012† |
[i] + Farmer, Tailor/Seamstress, Driver/Commercial tricylist, Barber/Hair dresser.
** Logistic model includes the following variables: sex, age group, ethnicity, religion, education, occupation and number of children. † Significant at p < 0.05; OR: Odds Ratio, CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference group.
β ≥2 risk factors in Hobel’s abridged pregnancy risk assessment categories (obstetric history, medical history, physical, pregnancy-dependent) = good obstetric risk perception; ≤1 risk factors in Hobel’s abridged pregnancy risk assessment categories (obstetric history, medical history, physical, pregnancy-dependent) = poor obstetric risk perception [23, 24].
Table 4
Logistic regression model for predictors of danger sign recognition, Kano, Nigeria, 2016.
| Characteristics | Good knowledge of obstetric danger signs. No. (%) N = 205 | Poor knowledge of obstetric danger signs. No. (%) N = 195 | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)** | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 104 (50.7) | 97 (49.7) | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 0.63 (0.36–1.09) | 0.46 |
| Female | 101 (49.3) | 98 (50.3) | Ref | ||
| Age group | |||||
| <20 | 3 (1.5) | 6 (3.1) | Ref | ||
| 20–29 | 126 (61.5) | 127 (65.1) | 1.98 (0.49–8.11) | 1.62 (0.25–10.66) | 0.31 |
| 30–39 | 55 (26.8) | 48 (24.6) | 2.29 (0.54–9.66) | 3.03 (0.44–20.7) | 0.27 |
| ≥40 | 21 (10.2) | 14 (7.2) | 3.00 (0.64–14.0) | 1.89 (0.24–14.7) | 0.16 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hausa | 141 (68.8) | 162 (83.7) | Ref | ||
| Fulani | 21 (10.2) | 19 (9.7) | 1.27 (0.66–2.46) | 1.33 (0.60–2.93) | 0.41 |
| Yoruba | 28 (13.7) | 3 (1.5) | 10.7 (3.19–36.0) | 4.40 (1.10–19.2) | 0.029† |
| Igbo | 5 (2.4) | 6 (3.1) | 0.96 (0.29–3.20) | 0.33 (0.038–2.91) | 0.37 |
| Others | 10 (4.9) | 5 (2.6) | 2.30 (0.77–6.88) | 1.65 (0.40–6.87) | 0.18 |
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 185 (90.2) | 186 (95.4) | Ref | ||
| Christianity | 20 (9.8) | 9 (4.6) | 2.23 (0.99–5.04) | 1.41 (0.31–6.42) | 0.26 |
| Education | |||||
| No formal | 6 (2.9) | 5 (2.6) | Ref | ||
| Primary | 3 (1.5) | 14 (7.2) | 0.18 (0.03–0.99) | 0.20 (0.028–1.43) | 0.13 |
| Secondary | 61 (29.8) | 69 (35.4) | 0.74 (0.21–2.54) | 0.59 (0.14–2.44) | 0.18 |
| Post-Secondary | 135 (65.9) | 107 (54.9) | 1.05 (0.31–3.54) | 0.64 (0.15–2.67) | 0.25 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Unemployed | 13 (6.3) | 14 (7.2) | Ref | ||
| Homemaker | 35 (17.1) | 65 (33.3) | 1.23 (0.68–2.20) | 0.78 (0.36–1.70) | 0.36 |
| Civil servant | 61 (29.8) | 44 (22.6) | 0.82 (0.34–1.96) | 0.90 (0.33–2.46) | 0.27 |
| Trading | 43 (21.0) | 38 (19.5) | 0.48 (0.26–0.87) | 0.35 (0.16–1.74) | 0.23 |
| Others+ | 53 (25.9) | 34 (17.4) | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) | 0.38 (0.17–1.85) | 0.37 |
| Obstetric risk Perception | |||||
| Poor | 68 (33.2) | 164 (84.1) | Ref | ||
| Good | 137 (66.8) | 31 (15.9) | 10.7 (6.6–17.3) | 12.0 (6.8–21.2) | <0.001† |
[i] + Farming, Tailor/Seamstress, Driver/Commercial tricylist, Barbing/Hair dresser.
** Logistic model includes the following variables: sex, age group, ethnicity, religion, education, occupation and obstetric risk perception.
† Significant at p < 0.05; OR: Odds Ratio, CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference group.