Russia’s Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine Threatens Both Healthcare & Health Protections Provided by International Law
By: Michael S. Baker, Jacob Baker and Jr. Burkle
References
- Orc. Wikipedia. Accessed November 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc . Today’s Armed Conflicts . Geneva Academy. Accessed November 10, 2022.https://geneva-academy.ch/galleries/today-s-armed-conflicts .Update by the Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, at the 51st session of the Human Rights Council . United Nations; 23 September 2022. Accessed November 2022.https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/09/update-chair-independent-international-commission-inquiry-ukraine-51st-session .- Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations. 2014; 3007: 167.
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%203007/v3007.pdf . - Burkle FM, Goniewicz K, Khorram–Manesh A. Bastardizing Peacekeeping and the Birth of Hybrid Warfare. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2022 Apr; 37(2): 147–149. DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X22000425.
Ukraine will rebuild hospitals according to the best international standards in design and construction – Bohdan Borukhovskyi . Ministry of Health of Ukraine Bulletin; 20 August 2022. Accessed 27 October, 2022.https://en.moz.gov.ua/article/news/ukraine-will-rebuild-hospitals-according-to-the-best-international-standards-in-design-and-construction-%e2%80%93-bohdan-borukhovskyi .- Rubinstein Leonard. Perilous Medicine: The Struggle to Protect Health Care from the Violence of War. Columbia Press; 2021.
- Baker MS.
The Red Cross Marks the Target . U.S. Naval Institute; October 1993. Accessed November 10, 2022.https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1993/october/red-cross-marks-target . - Shaheen K.
Russia’s Long History of Bombing Hospitals . New Lines Magazine; 11 March 2022. Accessd November 8, 2022.https://newlinesmag.com/newsletter/russias-long-history-of-bombing-hospitals/ . - Le Huerou A, Regamey A. Massacres of Civilians in Chechnya. Sciences Po; 9 March 2015. Accessed November 2022.
https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/massacres-civilians-chechnya.html . La torture en Tchétchénie: La “normalisation” du cauchemar . FIDH: International Federation of Human Rights; 26 March 2007. Accessed November 8 2022.https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Tchetchenie462frconjoint2007.pdf .Note de mission sur le respect des droits de l’Homme dans le cadre de la lutte contre le terrorisme et l’extrémisme en Fédération de Russie . FIDH: International Federation of Human Rights; November 2008. Accessed 4 March, 2022.https://www.fidh.org/IMG//pdf/antiterrorisme-russie-note.pdf .- Sutyagin I. Russian Military Operations. The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces. 2018 June; 830. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0049.
- Malyarenko T, Kormych B.
The Barbarism of Hybrid Warfare . Wilson Center; 17 March 2022. Accessed November 2022.https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/barbarism-hybrid-warfare . - Carmack D.
U.S. Must Implement Lessons on “Hybrid” Conflict from Ukraine War . The Heritage Foundation; 28 April 2022. Accessed November 2022.https://www.heritage.org/cybersecurity/report/us-must-implement-lessons-hybrid-conflict-ukraine-war . - ICRC: Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I); 8 June 1977. How Does Law Protect in War:
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/470 . - Khorram-Manesh A, Burkle FM. The Global Intolerance of Warfare Abuses in Ukraine: The unprecedented impact on healthcare systems and the invasion of hospitals by the military, police, and non–military militia. Policy Analysis. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Submitted Oct, 3, 2022.
- Marchuk I, Wanigasuriya A. The ICC and the Russia–Ukraine War. American Society of International Law. 5 July, 2022; 26(4).
https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/26/issue/4 . - McKinnon A.
New Report Exposes Brutal Methods of Russia’s Wagner Group . Foreign Policy; 11 June 2020. Accessed November 2022.https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/11/russia-wagner-group-methods-bouta-killing-report/ . - United States Army Special Operations Command. “Little Green Men”: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014; 6 August 2016. Accessed 28 October 2022.
https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/ARIS_LittleGreenMen.pdf . - Bhatia R, Chatterjee A.
India Says Share of Russian Oil in Total Purchases Jumped 6 Fold . Bloomberg; 8 September 2022. Accessed 8 November 2022.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-08/india-says-share-of-russian-oil-in-total-purchases-jumped-6-fold#:~:text=India%20says%20Russian%20oil%20now,slow%20inflation%20back%20to%20target . - Gonzalez O.
WHO condemns Russia for mounting attacks on Ukraine health facilities . Axios; 27 May 2022. Accessed November 2022.https://www.axios.com/2022/03/07/russia-attack-ukraine-hospitals-who .
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4022 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Submitted on: Nov 17, 2022
Accepted on: Dec 6, 2022
Published on: Jan 23, 2023
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2023 Michael S. Baker, Jacob Baker, Jr. Burkle, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.