Table 1
Demographic Characteristics and Significant Medical and Family Histories.
| CHARACTERISTIC | N(%) | MIN–MAX | MEAN ± SD | SEM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1209(100) | 10–94 | 51 ± 16 | 0.4 |
| SBP | 1201(99) | 11–220 | 126 ± 21 | 0.6 |
| DBP | 1197(99) | 47–126 | 82 ± 12 | 0.3 |
| Body fat | 1076(89) | 11–50 | 24 ± 4 | 0.1 |
| Bone density | 1078(89) | 0.6–33 | 3 ± 2 | 0.06 |
| Body water | 1079(89) | 0.5–80 | 53 ± 8 | 0.2 |
| BMI | 1092(90) | 14–51 | 25 ± 4 | 0.1 |
| A1c | 567(47) | 4.1–10.3 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 0.03 |
| Blood Glucose Fasting | 419(35) | 57–298 | 96 ± 24 | 1 |
| Total cholesterol | 614(51) | 99–275 | 142 ± 32 | 1 |
| LDL | 601(50) | 21–216 | 77 ± 26 | 1 |
| HDL | 614(51) | 3–95 | 44 ± 14 | 0.5 |
| Triglycerides | 611(50) | 30–483 | 100 ± 58 | 2 |
| Serum creatinine | 536(44) | 0.5–5 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.01 |
| eGFR | 536(44) | 10–130 | 90 ± 18 | 0.8 |
| Fibroscan score | 17(1.4) | 4–18 | 6 ± 3.4 | 0.8 |
| ECHO:LVEF | 145(12) | 24–79 | 62 ± 8 | 0.7 |
| IVSD | 143(12) | 0.6–2 | 1 ± 0.2 | 0.02 |
| LA diameter | 137(11) | 0.8–6 | 4 ± 0.7 | 0.06 |
| LVPWD | 143(12) | 0.6–4 | 1 ± 0.6 | 0.05 |
| MV dec time | 143(12) | 68–583 | 233 ± 65 | 5 |
| South Asian/Indian from Ladakh* | 595(49) | – | – | – |
| South Asian/Indian from Phoenix | 206(17) | – | – | – |
| Hispanic Americans | 97(8) | – | – | – |
| Black American | 97(8) | – | – | – |
| Caucasian American | 20(2) | – | – | – |
| Smoker current | 31(6) | – | – | – |
| Smoker past | 48(9) | – | – | – |
| Hx heart disease | 5(1) | – | – | – |
| Hx stents | 2(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx bypass surgery | 3(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx stroke | 1(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx PVD | 4(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx A–fib | 2(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx DM | 64(8.2) | – | – | – |
| Hx HTN | 204(24) | – | – | – |
| Hx CHF | 1(<1) | – | – | – |
| Hx CKD | 12(4.5) | – | – | – |
| Family History of MI | 78(9.2) | – | – | – |
| Family History of DM | 90(11) | – | – | – |
| Family History of HTN | 306(32) | – | – | – |
| Family History of Stroke | none | – | – | – |
[i] Baseline Characteristics of screened subjects and their pre-existing risk factors.
[ii] * Characterizing the ethnic boundaries of our heterogeneous population was challenging. In India, ethnic identity is often shaped by religious affiliation rather than by racial boundaries, with individuals identifying as Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Jain, or Buddhist. Additionally, we served groups such as Tibetan refugees and Nepali Hindus in Ladakh. This religious identification spans diverse linguistic, regional, and cultural practices, illustrating India’s vast diversity but defying strict categorization of nationality or ethnicity.
[iii] Abbreviations: ECHO:LVEF, echocardiogram-derived left ventricular ejection fraction; IVSD: interventricular septal thickness end-diastole; LVPWD: left ventricular posterior wall dimensions; MV dec time: mitral valve deceleration time.
Table 2
Prevalence of Imaging Findings.
| IMAGING | CASES/N (%) |
|---|---|
| EKG | 72/452 (16) |
| TTE | 20/222 (10) |
| Carotid US> 20% plaque | 7/77 (9) |
| ABI | 2/77 (2.5) |
| Eye exam | 22/596 (3.6) |
| Fibroscan | 0/16 (0) |
| Impedance cardiography | 7/98 (8) |
[i] Prevalence of abnormal findings on imaging of the screened patients after initial risk stratification. Of the 22 subjects that had an abnormal eye exam, 8 patients had retinopathy, and 14 had cataracts.
Table 3
Detection Rate of DM, HLD, and HTN.
| RISK FACTOR | CASES/N (%) |
|---|---|
| Abnormal A1C | 150/567 (26.5) |
| Prediabetes | 105/567 (18.5) |
| New onset Diabetes | 45/567 (8) |
| Abnormal LDL | 25/601 (4.2) |
| Abnormal HDL | 250/614 (40.7) |
| Abnormal Triglycerides | 80/611 (13.1) |
| Abnormal SBP | 266/1201 (22) |
| Abnormal DBP | 657/1197 (54.9) |
[i] Detection rate of DM, HLD, and HTN (known risk factors for CKM syndrome) during the screening event.
Table 4
Reassessment of CKM Syndrome Risk Category.
| BASELINE RISK | PERCENT RECLASSIFIED AFTER IMAGING | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk category | – | Very Low | Low | Intermediate | High | Very High | Extreme |
| Very Low | 1% | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Low | 80% | – | 71.4 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Intermediate | 15% | – | – | 6.6 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| High | 3% | – | – | – | 2 | 0.82 | |
| Very High | 1% | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Extreme | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 0 |
[i] Reclassification of cardiometabolic risk after imaging during the screening event. (N = 1209)
Figure 1
Patient Pre- and Post-test Scores after Educational Intervention.
Graphical depiction comparing patient empowerment pre- and post-educational intervention, highlighting statistically significant improvement after intervention.
Abbreviations: KAT: Knowledge Assessment Test; SAQ: Self-Assessment Questionnaire; HDQ: Heart Disease Questionnaire; DQ: Diabetes Questionnaire; KDQ: Kidney Disease Questionnaire