Table 1
Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of respondents.
| VARIABLES | FREQUENCY (N = 453) | PERCENTAGE (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | ||
| ≤ 35 years | 273 | 60.3 |
| 36 years and above | 180 | 39.7 |
| Mean age = 33.81 ± 6.11 years | ||
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 17 | 3.8 |
| Married/cohabiting | 436 | 96.2 |
| Age at marriage (n = 444) | ||
| ≤ 25 years | 251 | 56.5 |
| ≥ 26 years | 193 | 43.5 |
| Mean age at marriage = 25.42 ± 3.91 years | ||
| Type of marriage (n = 436) | ||
| Monogamous | 427 | 97.9 |
| Polygamous | 9 | 2.1 |
| Level of education of respondents | ||
| Primary and lower | 19 | 4.2 |
| Secondary and higher | 434 | 95.8 |
| Level of education of the spouse (n = 436) | ||
| Primary and lower | 9 | 2.0 |
| Secondary and higher | 444 | 98.0 |
| Religion | ||
| Islam | 156 | 34.4 |
| Christianity | 297 | 65.6 |
| Geopolitical zones | ||
| North | 52 | 11.5 |
| South | 401 | 88.5 |
| Respondent’s employment status | ||
| Government/privately employed | 64 | 14.1 |
| Self‑employed | 389 | 85.9 |
| Spouses’ employment status (n = 436) | ||
| Government/privately employed | 53 | 11.7 |
| Self‑employed | 400 | 88.3 |
| Household monthly income (₦) | ||
| ≤ 60,000.00 | 288 | 65.9 |
| > 60,000.00 | 149 | 34.1 |
| Health insurance scheme enrollment | ||
| No | 410 | 90.5 |
| Yes | 43 | 9.5 |
Table 2
Awareness and utilization of maternal health services during the last childbirth.
| VARIABLES | FREQUENCY | PERCENTAGE (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Awareness of maternal health services | ||
| Preconception care services (n = 453) | 146 | 32.2 |
| Antenatal care services (n = 453) | 448 | 98.9 |
| Postnatal care services (n = 453) | 285 | 62.9 |
| Ever used preconception care services (n = 146) | 92 | 63.0 |
| Attended ANC in last pregnancy (n = 453) | 440 | 97.1 |
| Used HCF for ANC (n = 440) | 374 | 86.0 |
| Where ANC was received in the last pregnancy (n = 374) | ||
| Government health facilities only | 161 | 43.0 |
| Both (government and private) | 213 | 57.0 |
| Booking time for ANC in last pregnancy (months) (n = 440) | ||
| 1–3 | 114 | 25.9 |
| 4–6 | 311 | 70.7 |
| ≥ 7 | 15 | 3.4 |
| Number of ANC visits in the last pregnancy (n = 374) | ||
| ≤ 4 times | 9 | 2.4 |
| > 4 times | 365 | 97.6 |
| Doses of tetanus toxoid received during ANC (n = 374) | ||
| None | 7 | 1.9 |
| One | 66 | 17.6 |
| Two | 258 | 69.0 |
| More than two | 43 | 11.5 |
| Aware of modern family planning services (n = 453) | 372 | 82.1 |
| Ever used modern methods of FP (n = 372) | 166 | 44.6 |
| *Methods of MFP ever used by respondents (n = 166) | ||
| Male condoms | 77 | 46.4 |
| Injectables (Depo Provera) | 72 | 43.4 |
| Implant | 66 | 39.8 |
| IUCD | 18 | 10.8 |
| Combined oral pills | 18 | 10.8 |
| Female condoms | 10 | 6.0 |
| Sterilization | 1 | 0.6 |
| Currently pregnant (n = 453) | 44 | 9.7 |
| Planning for pregnancy (n = 409) | 84 | 20.5 |
| Currently on modern FP methods (n= 325) | 127 | 39.1 |
[i] IUCD, intrauterine contraceptive device.
[ii] *Multiple responses.
Table 3
Utilization of child delivery and postnatal care services during the last childbirth.
| VARIABLE | FREQUENCY | PERCENTAGE |
|---|---|---|
| Place of childbirth (n = 453) | ||
| Health facility | 348 | 76.8 |
| *TBA | 57 | 12.6 |
| Faith homes | 29 | 6.4 |
| Home/others | 19 | 4.2 |
| Type of HF used for delivery (n = 348) | ||
| Government HF | 148 | 42.5 |
| Private HF | 200 | 57.5 |
| Decision of the choice of place of delivery (n = 453) | ||
| Self | 87 | 19.2 |
| Spouse | 121 | 26.7 |
| Both | 220 | 48.6 |
| Others (mother‑in‑law, mother, friends, others) | 25 | 5.4 |
| Birth attendants (n = 348) | ||
| Doctors | 89 | 25.6 |
| Midwives/nurses | 188 | 54.0 |
| Both | 71 | 20.4 |
| Mode of child delivery (n = 453) | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 386 | 85.2 |
| Cesarean section | 67 | 14.8 |
| PNC attendance postpartum (n = 348) | 299 | 85.9 |
| Time of PNC visit (n = 299) | ||
| Six weeks postpartum | 148 | 49.5 |
| Before 6 weeks postpartum | 116 | 38.8 |
| More than 6 weeks postpartum | 35 | 11.7 |
| *Reasons for PNC attendance (n = 299) | ||
| Baby’s immunization | 257 | 86.0 |
| Check‑up | 229 | 76.6 |
| Illness | 32 | 10.7 |
| Family planning | 28 | 9.4 |
[i] A Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) is a woman who has gained experience and knowledge in attending births through apprenticeship, self‑study, or traditional practices, but has no formal training as a midwife or other health professional.
[ii] *Multiple responses.
Table 4
Factors influencing health facility utilization for ANC services.
| VARIABLE | UTILIZATION OF HF FOR ANC SERVICES | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO (N = 61; 14.0%) | YES (N = 374; 86.0%) | TOTAL (N = 435; 100%) | χ2 | P‑VALUE | |
| Age at marriage | |||||
| ≤ 25 years | 40 (16.7) | 199 (83.3) | 239 (100.0) | 3.240 | 0.092 |
| 26 years and above | 20 (10.6) | 168 (89.4) | 188 (100.0) | ||
| Age of respondents (years) | |||||
| ≤ 35 years | 41 (15.6) | 221 (84.4) | 262 (100.0) | 1.444 | 0.260 |
| 36 years and above | 20 (11.6) | 153 (88.4) | 173 (100.0) | ||
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 31 (20.9) | 117 (79.1) | 148 (100.0) | 8.917 | 0.004 |
| Christianity | 30 (10.5) | 257 (89.5) | 287 (100.0) | ||
| Respondent’s employment status | |||||
| Government/private employed | 7 (11.7) | 53 (88.3) | 60 (100.0) | 0.321 | 0.691 |
| Self‑employed | 54 (14.4) | 321 (85.6) | 375 (100.0) | ||
| Spouses’ employment status | |||||
| Government/privately employed | 16 (33.3) | 32 (66.7) | 48 (100.0) | ||
| Self‑employed | 45 (11.6) | 342 (91.4) | 387 (100.0) | 16.687 | < 0.001 |
| Monthly income (₦) | |||||
| ≤ 60,000.00 | 46 (16.7) | 229 (83.3) | 275 (100.0) | ||
| > 60,000.00 | 12 (8.3) | 133 (91.7) | 145 (100.0) | 5.697 | 0.017 |
| Geopolitical zones | |||||
| North | 12 (25.0) | 36 (75.0) | 48 (100.0) | ||
| South | 49 (12.7) | 338 (87.3) | 387 (100.0) | 5.392 | 0.027 |
| Respondents’ level of education | |||||
| Primary/no formal | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | 18 (100.0) | ||
| Secondary and higher | 55 (13.2) | 362 (86.8) | 417 (100.0) | 5.807 | 0.028 |
| Spouses’ level of education | |||||
| Primary/no formal | 2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | 8 (100.0) | ||
| Secondary and higher | 59 (13.8) | 368 (86.2) | 427 (100.0) | 0.815 | 0.312* |
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married | 1(7.1) | 13 (92.9) | 14 (100.0) | ||
| Married/cohabiting | 60 (14.3) | 361 (85.7) | 421(100.0) | 0.568 | 0.703* |
| Health insurance scheme enrollment | |||||
| No | 59 (15.0) | 334 (85.0) | 393 (100.0) | ||
| Yes | 2(4.8) | 40 (95.2) | 42 (100.0) | 3.307 | 0.098* |
| Type of marriage | |||||
| Monogamous | 60 (14.1) | 365 (85.9) | 425 (100.0) | ||
| Polygamous | 1 (10.0) | 9 (90.0) | 10 (100.0) | 0.137 | 1.000* |
[i] *Fisher’s exact test.
Table 5
Factors influencing health facility utilization for childbirth services.
| VARIABLE | UTILIZATION OF HF FOR DELIVERY SERVICES | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO (N = 105; 23.2%) | YES (N = 348; 76.8%) | TOTAL (N = 453; 100%) | χ2 | P‑VALUE | |
| Age at marriage | |||||
| ≤ 25 years | 73 (29.1) | 178 (70.9) | 251 (100.0) | ||
| 26 years and above | 30 (15.5) | 163 (84.5) | 193 (100.0) | 11.226 | 0.001 |
| Age of respondents (years) | |||||
| ≤ 35 years | 72 (26.4) | 201 (73.6) | 273 (100.0) | ||
| 36 years and above | 33 (18.3) | 147 (81.7) | 180 (100.0) | 3.938 | 0.053 |
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 57 (36.5) | 99 (63.5) | 156 (100.0) | ||
| Christianity | 48 (16.2) | 249 (83.8) | 297 (100.0) | 23.850 | < 0.001 |
| Respondents’ employment status | |||||
| Government/privately employed | 11 (17.2) | 53 (82.8) | 64 (100.0) | ||
| Self‑employed | 94 (24.2) | 295 (75.8) | 389 (100.0) | 1.502 | 0.264 |
| Spouses’ employment status | |||||
| Government/privately employed | 25 (47.2) | 28 (52.8) | 53 (100.0) | ||
| Self‑employed | 80 (20.0) | 320 (80.0) | 400 (100.0) | 19.402 | < 0.001 |
| Household monthly income (₦) | |||||
| ≤ 60,000.00 | 74 (25.7) | 214 (74.3) | 288 (100.0) | ||
| >60,000.00 | 27 (18.1) | 122 (81.9) | 149 (100.0) | 3.170 | 0.093 |
| Geopolitical zones | |||||
| North | 21 (40.4) | 31 (59.6) | 52 (100.0) | ||
| South | 84 (20.9) | 317 (79.1) | 401 (100.0) | 9.766 | 0.003 |
| Respondents’ level of education | |||||
| Primary/no formal | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | 19 (100.0) | ||
| Secondary and higher | 96 (22.1) | 338 (77.9) | 434 (100.0) | 6.517 | 0.022* |
| Spouses’ level of education | |||||
| Primary/no formal | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 9 (100.0) | ||
| Secondary and higher | 101 (22.7) | 343(77.3) | 444 (100.0) | 2.332 | 0.222* |
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | 17 (100.0) | ||
| Married/cohabiting | 100 (22.9) | 336 (77.1) | 436 (100.0) | 0.385 | 0.559* |
| Health insurance scheme enrollment | |||||
| No | 103 (25.1) | 307 (74.9) | 410 (100.0) | ||
| Yes | 2 (4.7) | 41 (95.3) | 43 (100.0) | 9.159 | 0.004 |
| Type of marriage | |||||
| Monogamous | 100 (22.7) | 341 (75.3) | 441 (100.0) | ||
| Polygamous | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 12 (100.0) | 2.366 | 0.160* |
[i] *Fisher’s exact test.
Table 6
Predictors of healthcare facility utilization for ANC and childbirth.
| VARIABLE | DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHCARE FACILITY UTILIZATION FOR CHILDBIRTH | DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHCARE FACILITY UTILIZATION FOR ANC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO (95% CI) | P‑VALUE | ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO (95% CI) | P‑VALUE | |
| Age of respondents (years) | ||||
| ≤ 35 years | *1.0 | |||
| 36 years and above | 1.485 (0.861–2.564) | 0.155 | — | — |
| Age at marriage | ||||
| ≤ 25 years | *1.0 | |||
| 26 years and above | 1.524 (0.890–2.610) | 0.124 | — | — |
| Religion | ||||
| Islam | *1.0 | *1.0 | ||
| Christianity | 2.326 (1.426–3.796) | 0.001 | 1.810 (0.989–3.313) | 0.054 |
| Respondents’ level of education | ||||
| Primary/no formal | *1.0 | *1.0 | ||
| Secondary and higher | 1.872 (0.643–5.452) | 0.251 | 2.298 (0.738–7.148) | 0.151 |
| Geopolitical zones | ||||
| North | *1.0 | *1.0 | ||
| South | 2.421 (1.223–4.795) | 0.011 | 2.016 (0.921–4.411) | 0.079 |
| Spouses’ employment | ||||
| Government/privately employed | *1.0 | *1.0 | ||
| Self‑employed | 3.111 (1.633–5.929) | 0.001 | 2.949 (1.413–6.153) | 0.004 |
| Health insurance scheme enrollment | ||||
| No | *1.0 | — | — | |
| Yes | 5.327 (1.229–23.080) | 0.025 | ||
| Household income (₦) | ||||
| ≤ 60,000.00 | *1.0 | |||
| > 60,000.00 | 2.015 (1.002–4.005) | 0.049 | ||
[i] *Reference value.