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Fostering local ownership of infection prevention and control strategies: a multi-country program Cover

Fostering local ownership of infection prevention and control strategies: a multi-country program

Open Access
|Apr 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Simplified model of how MTaPS activities theoretically fostered local ownership.

Table 1

Characteristics of survey respondents by respondent type (n = 85).

CHARACTERISTICS, N (%)HEALTH FACILITY
STAFF
N = 48
NATIONAL‑LEVEL
STAKEHOLDERS
N = 12
MTAPS‑CONTRACTED
COUNTRY IMPLEMENTERS
N = 25
County
  Cameroon (n = 19)13 (27)3 (25)3 (12)
  Côte d’Ivoire (n = 9)3 (6)3 (25)3 (12)
  Ethiopia (n = 4)1 (2)1 (8)2 (8)
  Kenya (n = 29)20 (42)2 (17)7 (28)
  Mali (n = 8)5 (10)1 (8)2 (8)
  Senegal (n = 10)6 (13)2 (17)2 (8)
  Tanzania (n = 3)0 (.)0 (.)3 (12)
  Uganda (n = 3)0 (.)0 (.)3 (12)
Professiona
  IPC focal point, on IPC committee, or equivalent32 (67)8 (67)
  Clinical (e.g., medical doctor, clinical officer, nurse, pharmacist)23 (48)1 (8)
  Nonclinical (e.g., public health officer, laboratory officer, microbiologist, sanitation engineer, surveillance)5 (10)3 (38)
  Technical advisor/officer/assistant21 (84)
  Other2 (4)1 (8)4 (16)
Years in role
  <13 (6)0 (.)5 (20)
  1 to <523 (48)7 (58)19 (76)
  5 to <1011 (23)4 (33)0 (.)
  10 or more11 (23)1 (8)1 (4)

[i] Abbreviations: IPC: infection prevention and control

[ii] aSome respondents reported both a medical profession and their position as an IPC focal point or involvement in the IPC committee, so columns sum to over 100%.

Figure 2

Reported MTaPS‑supported activities survey respondents participated in1.

Abbreviations: M&E: monitoring and evaluation

1Question not asked of MTaPS country staff.

Figure 3

Survey respondent ratings of quality of MTaPS‑supported (A) collaboration, (B) capacity strengthening and (C) multisectoral coordination activities1.

1No respondents selected the response option of “poor” for any of these questions.

Figure 4

Survey respondent rating of supportiveness of MTaPS approaches for (A) collaboration and (B) capacity strengthening to foster local or national ownership over IPC.

1No respondents selected the response option of “rarely/never” for any of these questions.

2Question not asked for coordination activities.

Table 2

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through training and capacity strengthening activities.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staff
  • “MTaPS helped the country by financing IPC just in time training, IPC full training and the realization of IPC assessment to identify gaps that were then addressed.”—Cameroon

National‑level stakeholders
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] training of national trainers; training of pool of regional trainers; training of staff in health establishments.”—Côte d’Ivoire

MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] updating the curriculum whereby the antimicrobial stewardship and IPC will be taught as standalone in the medical schools, and this will give more insight to the students before they start practicing.”—Uganda

Table 3

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through the collection and use of data for decision‑making and quality improvement.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staff
  • “[Through the] baseline audit, followed by monthly auditing, we were able to know where we are as a facility in terms [of] hand hygiene compliance . . . [we] monitor our progress . . . as a facility we are able to implement strategies to prevent surgical site infections and monitor the outcomes.”—Kenya

National‑level stakeholders
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] evaluation of the capacities and functionality of IPC committees, development of an operational action plan in IPC for each health establishment, monitoring and support of the 20 health establishments in IPC supported by MTaPS.”—Côte d’Ivoire

MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “The following factors contributed to fostering ownership of IPC improvement activities at national level: (1) supporting the Ministry of Health to use evidence‑based practice to improve the IPC program by using standardized tools, (2) Aligning USAID MTaPS IPC improvement plans with the Ministry of Health ‘s plan helps the Ministry of Health to sustain the IPC improvement efforts and achievements; (3) Supporting the Ministry of Health to develop national IPC monitoring tools, such as the Infection Prevention and Control Facility Level Assessment Tool [and] (4) Putting the Ministry of Health in the driver’s seat in all USAID MTaPS IPC improvement activities at sub‑national and facility level.”—Ethiopia

Table 4

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through engagement with and coordination of local stakeholders.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staffNo themes arose
National‑level stakeholders
  • “Taking into account the needs of the national party in the MTaPS workplan”—Cameroon

MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “The collaboration with the Ministry of Health was impactful right from identifying the counties to be included (identifying the selection criteria‑counties that had high infection rates among the population and health workers), revision of assessment tools, consensus from the council of governors, implementation and tracking compliance. Engagement with religious leaders and heads of learning institutions and capacity building for health workers working in prison facilities had great impact.”—Kenya

Table 5

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through the standardization of practices through guidelines and protocols.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staff
  • “MTaPS helped the country and the Ministry of Health to elaborate the first IPC guidelines for healthcare facilities.”—Cameroon

National‑level stakeholdersNo themes arose
MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] support for the revision/development of national IPC guidelines under the leadership of the General Directorate of Health and Public Hygiene.”—Mali

Table 6

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through the creation and strengthening of local committees.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staff
  • “MTaPS improved the IPC governance by strengthening the committee and ensuring the members understand their mandate. The committee activities improved the IPC practices in the facility.”—Kenya

National‑level stakeholders
  • “MTaPs supported institutionalization of IPC governance in some counties.”—Kenya

MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] supporting the update of the Terms of Reference for the establishment of IPC committees, establishment of IPC committees in health establishments under the leadership of the General Directorate of Health and Public Hygiene.”—Mali

Table 7

Illustrative quotes on how MTaPS support fostered local ownership through supervision, mentorship, and technical assistance.

RESPONDENT GROUPILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
Health facility staff
  • “Monitoring and supervision of work [was done] in a systematized way.”—Mali

National‑level stakeholders
  • “[MTaPS activities which fostered national ownership included] supportive supervision; theoretical and practical in‑person training on IPC; [and] technical supervision.”—Senegal

MTaPS‑contracted country implementers
  • “We have created a community of practices among facilities, working and learning from each other to improve their IPC structures and practices. This has been possible because we have had several learning sessions where we brought together all the supported facilities.”—Uganda

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.5198 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 30, 2026
Accepted on: Mar 26, 2026
Published on: Apr 20, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Nicole C. McCann, Jeanette L. Kaiser, Nancy A. Scott, Tamara Hafner, Andre Zagorski, Mohan P. Joshi, Fozo Alombah, Allison Juntunen Morgan, José Antonio Requejo Domínguez, Veronika J. Wirtz, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.