Figure 1
Participant Selection and Recruitment by High-Risk Population of Interest: A) 35–49 Population B) 50+ Population.
Table 1
Participant Characteristics by High-Risk Population and HIV Status.
| 35–49 and HIV + No. (%) | 35–49 and HIV- No. (%) | 50+ and HIV + No. (%) | 50+ and HIV- No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Female | 14 (41%) | 4 (12%) | 11 (48%) | 15 (54%) |
| Male | 20 (59%) | 29 (88%) | 12 (52%) | 13 (46%) |
| Age | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Age (mean, SD in years) | 46 (3.7) | 47 (2.5) | 56 (3.5) | 60 (6.0) |
| Education1 | n = 32 | n = 30 | n = 22 | n = 25 |
| No education | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (4%) |
| Incomplete primary | 6 (19%) | 10 (33%) | 6 (27%) | 5 (20%) |
| Primary and above | 23 (72%) | 20 (67%) | 15 (68%) | 19 (76%) |
| Alcohol Consumption | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Non-drinker | 13 (38%) | 12 (36%) | 12 (52%) | 11 (39%) |
| Infrequent drinker (last drink < 7 days) | 12 (35%) | 2 (6%) | 9 (39%) | 5 (18%) |
| Frequent drinker (last drink ≥ 7 days) | 9 (26%) | 19 (58%) | 2 (9%) | 12 (43%) |
| Smoking Status | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Non-smoker | 2 (6%) | 16 (49%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (11%) |
| Current smoker | 32 (94%) | 17 (52%) | 23 (100%) | 25 (89%) |
| Daily Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Consumption (servings, median) | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Below average (<1.14 servings) | 16 (47%) | 14 (42%) | 12 (52%) | 12 (43%) |
| Above average (≥1.14 servings) | 18 (53%) | 19 (58%) | 11 (48%) | 16 (57%) |
| BMI | n = 34 | n = 32 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Underweight | 5 (15%) | 5 (16%) | 3 (13%) | 7 (25%) |
| Normal | 21 (62%) | 18 (56%) | 13 (57%) | 11 (39%) |
| Overweight and above | 8 (24%) | 9 (28%) | 7 (30%) | 10 (36%) |
| Waist Circumference | n = 34 | n = 32 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| No increased risk | 22 (65%) | 21 (66%) | 12 (52%) | 15 (54%) |
| At increased risk | 3 (9%) | 6 (19%) | 6 (26%) | 4 (14%) |
| Substantially at increased risk | 9 (27%) | 5 (16%) | 5 (22%) | 9 (32%) |
| Waist-to-hip Ratio6 | n = 34 | n = 32 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| No increased risk | 21 (62%) | 20 (62%) | 12 (52%) | 11 (39%) |
| Substantially at increased risk | 13 (38%) | 12 (38%) | 11 (48%) | 17 (61%) |
| Blood Pressure Measurements | n = 33 | n = 32 | n = 23 | n = 28 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Normal (<120/80 mmHg) | 13 (39%) | 6 (19%) | 6 (26%) | 1 (4%) |
| Pre-hypertension (≥120/80 mmHg & (<140/90 mmHg) | 11 (33%) | 11 (34%) | 6 (26%) | 9 (32%) |
| Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg or medication) | 9 (27%) | 15 (47%) | 11 (48%) | 18 (64%) |
| Time Since HIV Diagnosis | n = 34 | n = 22 | ||
| Within last year | 3 (9%) | – | 5 (23%) | – |
| 1–4 years | 11 (32%) | – | 7 (32%) | – |
| >4 years | 20 (59%) | – | 10 (46%) | – |
| Currently on HIV Treatment | n = 34 | n = 22 | ||
| Yes | 30 (88%) | – | 12 (55%) | – |
[i] SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; mmHg = millimetres of mercury.
1 Denominator excludes nine participants that responded yes to being educated but did not provide information on highest level of education.
Table 2
ECG and Arterial Function Measurements by High-Risk Population and HIV Status.
| 35–49 and HIV + No. (%) | 35–49 and HIV- No. (%) | P-value4 | 50+ and HIV + No. (%)3 | 50+ and HIV- No. (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECG Measurements | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 28 | ||
| ECG interval values | ||||||
| Heart rate (bpm, mean) | 71.8 | 70.5 | 0.71 | 70.2 | 76.3 | 0.13 |
| PR-interval (ms, mean) | 159.0 | 157.8 | 0.82 | 110.8 | 111.6 | 0.02 |
| QRS-interval (ms, mean) | 86.4 | 89.3 | 0.27 | 87.0 | 89.0 | 0.57 |
| QTc-interval (ms, mean) | 426.4 | 418.2 | 0.18 | 424.0 | 438.7 | 0.01 |
| ECG Abnormalities1 | ||||||
| Signs of Previous MI | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.45 |
| QTc Prolongation | 3 (9%) | 2 (6%) | 0.51 | 2 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 0.60 |
| LBBB | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| RBBB | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| First-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 0.50 |
| Second-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Third-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| LVH by diagnostic criteria | n = 34 | n = 33 | n = 23 | n = 27 | ||
| Sokolow-Lyon | 17 (50%) | 16 (49%) | 0.90 | 9 (39%) | 10 (37%) | 0.88 |
| Total QRS | 18 (53%) | 17 (52%) | 0.91 | 10 (43%) | 8 (30%) | 0.31 |
| Arterial Function Measurements2 | n = 25 | n = 20 | n = 19 | n = 10 | ||
| Augmentation index (mean) | 25.9 | 30.4 | 0.37 | 30.4 | 36.5 | 0.36 |
| Augmentation index (>33%) | 7 (28%) | 8 (40%) | 0.40 | 9 (47%) | 5 (50%) | 0.89 |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s, mean) | 10.2 | 9.4 | 0.12 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 0.79 |
| Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) prevalence3 | ||||||
| ≥9 m/s | 16 (64%) | 13 (65%) | 0.94 | 14 (74%) | 8 (80%) | 1 |
| ≥10 m/s | 13 (52%) | 5 (25%) | 0.07 | 11 (58%) | 4 (40%) | 0.45 |
| ≥11 m/s | 9 (36%) | 1 (5%) | 0.03 | 4 (21%) | 1 (10%) | 0.63 |
[i] ECG = Electrocardiogram; Bpm = beats per minute; ms = milliseconds; MI = Myocardial infarction; LBBB = Left bundle branch block (LBBB); RBBB = Right bundle branch block (RBBB); AV block: atrioventricular block; LVH = Left ventricular hypertrophy; m/s = meters per second.
1 The table below does not show one AV block of unknown origin found in 50+ and HIV+ population.
2 Arterial function measurements admissible for use were captured in 74 participants (63%, out of 118 participants) of those that underwent the diagnostic measurement.
3 Lower prevalence cut-offs include participants categorized at higher cut-offs.
4 P-values derided from either t-test, pearsons chi-square, or fisher’s exact test using a null hypothesis that there is no difference between the two populations.
Figure 2
Mean CVD Risk Score Differences Between HIV+ and HIV- Source and Sample 35–49 Populations using the Framingham CVD Risk Score Scale.
Table 3
ECG and Arterial Function Measurements in 35–49 Population Sub-sample.
| HIV + No. (%) | HIV- No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Risk Score | n = 10 | n = 10 |
| Risk Score (mean, SD in years) | 9.6 (3.2) | 10.2 (1.2) |
| ECG Measurements | n =1 0 | n = 10 |
| ECG interval values | ||
| Heart rate (bpm, mean) | 75.3 | 70.0 |
| PR-interval (ms, mean) | 150.4 | 152.2 |
| QRS-interval (ms, mean) | 85.4 | 92.6 |
| QTc-interval (ms, mean) | 427.0 | 428.0 |
| ECG Abnormalities | ||
| Signs of Previous MI | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| QTc Prolongation | 0 (0%) | 2 (20%) |
| LBBB | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| RBBB | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| First-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Second-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Third-degree AV block | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| LVH by diagnostic criteria | ||
| Sokolow-Lyon | 6 (60%) | 4 (40%) |
| Total QRS | 9 (90%) | 6 (60%) |
| Arterial Function Measurements1 | n = 5 | n = 7 |
| Augmentation index (mean) | 34.2 | 32.7 |
| Augmentation index (>33%) | 2 (40%) | 3 (43%) |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s, mean) | 11 | 9 |
| Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) prevalence2 | ||
| ≥9 m/s | 4 (80%) | 5 (71%) |
| ≥10 m/s | 4 (80%) | 1 (15%) |
| ≥11 m/s | 2 (40%) | 0 (0%) |
[i] ECG = Electrocardiogram; Bpm = beats per minute; ms = milliseconds; MI = Myocardial infarction; LBBB = Left bundle branch block (LBBB); RBBB = Right bundle branch block (RBBB); AV block: atrioventricular block; LVH = Left ventricular hypertrophy; m/s = meters per second.
1 Arterial function measurements admissible for use were captured in 74 participants (63%, out of 118 participants) in the original sample. In this sub-sample, five participants living with HIV and seven HIV-negative participants were selected.
2 Lower prevalence cut-offs include participants categorized at higher cut-offs.