Table 1
Anxiety and depressive symptoms in relation to sociodemographic characteristics of patients.
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Level | Symptoms of anxiety | Symptoms of depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADS-A score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-A score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | ||
| Gender | Women | 23.4% (464/1984) | 28.7% (570/1984) | 26.5% (526/1984) | 17.2% (342/1984) |
| Men | 17.3% (134/774) | 17.3% (134/774)** | 25.3% (196/774) | 13.8% (107/774) | |
| Age | <60 years | 19.3% (105/545) | 23.1% (126/545) | 23.3% (127/545) | 12.3% (67/545) |
| 60–69 years | 23.0% (312/1359) | 24.2% (329/1359) | 25.8% (350/1359) | 13.6% (185/1359) | |
| 70–79 years | 22.9% (149/650) | 27.7% (180/650) | 28.5% (185/650) | 20.9% (136/650)** | |
| ≥80 years | 15.7% (32/204) | 33.8% (69/204) | 29.4% (60/204) | 29.9% (61/204)** | |
| Level of education | Higher education | 19.6% (175/893) | 22.8% (204/893) | 22.5% (201/893) | 14.1% (126/893) |
| In between | 22.8% (275/1205) | 25.1% (302/1205) | 28.1% (339/1205) | 14.7% (177/1205) | |
| Secondary or less | 22.4% (146/653) | 30.2% (197/653)* | 27.4% (179/653) | 22.2% (145/653)** | |
| Labor status | Working | 21.1% (160/757) | 20.7% (157/757) | 23.5% (178/757) | 9.4% (71/757) |
| Not working1 | 21.8% (433/1987) | 27.4% (544/1987) | 27.1% (539/1987) | 18.9% (376/1987)** | |
| Family income | Higher | 20.1% (308/1531) | 22.2% (340/1531) | 23.4% (358/1531) | 11.9% (182/1531) |
| Low or very low | 23.4% (284/1213) | 29.8% (362/1213)** | 29.6% (359/1213) | 21.9% (265/1213)** | |
| Living situation | With family members | 21.4% (437/2039) | 24.7% (503/2039) | 26.1% (532/2039) | 15.3% (311/2039) |
| Living alone | 22.6% (154/683) | 28.1% (192/683) | 25.8% (176/683) | 19.5% (133/683) | |
| Social support | High | 21.7% (558/2570) | 24.0% (616/2570) | 25.8% (664/2570) | 14.9% (382/2570) |
| Low | 20.7% (36/174) | 47.7% (83/174)** | 31.0% (54/174) | 35.1% (61/174)** | |
| Stress level | Low (VAS score < 4) | 14.0% (84/600) | 10.7% (64/600) | 20.0% (120/600) | 10.3% (62/600) |
| Moderate (VAS score 4–7) | 24.5% (382/1557) | 23.8% (370/1557) | 27.8% (432/1557) | 15.2% (237/1557) | |
| High (VAS score ≥ 8) | 22.0% (130/590) | 45.6% (269/590)** | 27.8% (164/590) | 25.4% (150/590)** | |
| Registered disability | No | 20.9% (363/1734) | 23.8% (413/1734) | 24.5% (425/1734) | 13.3% (230/1734) |
| Yes | 22.8% (227/996) | 28.5% (284/996)* | 28.9% (288/996) | 21.4% (213/996)** | |
[i] Statistical significance after adjustment for gender, age and educational level (for HADS scores ≥ 11 only): * P < 0.01; ** P < 0.001.
1 – Among not working 97% retired and 3% unemployed.
Table 2
Anxiety and depressive symptoms in relation lifestyle risk factors.
| Lifestyle characteristic | Level | Symptoms of anxiety | Symptoms of depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADS-A score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-A score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | ||
| Smoking status | Never smoked | 22.8% (480/2108) | 27.2% (573/2108) | 26.2% (552/2108) | 17.1% (360/2108) |
| Former smoker | 19.4% (78/403) | 17.6% (71/403) | 25.3% (102/403) | 13.2% (53/403) | |
| Current smoker | 15.6% (36/231) | 23.8% (55/231) | 26.8% (62/231) | 14.7% (34/231) | |
| Alcohol consuption | No | 22.4% (390/1741) | 28.7% (499/1741) | 27.7% (482/1741) | 19.5% (340/1741) |
| Yes | 20.2% (200/990) | 19.8% (196/990)** | 23.2% (230/990) | 10.5% (104/990)** | |
| Physical activity | >60 min/day | 22.0% (245/1114) | 23.5% (262/1114) | 22.4% (250/1114) | 12.1% (135/1114) |
| 30 to 60 min/day | 21.8% (235/1078) | 22.3% (240/1078) | 26.3% (283/1078) | 15.1% (163/1078) | |
| <30 min/day | 21.0% (117/557) | 35.6% (198/557)** | 33.8% (188/557) | 26.9% (150/557)** | |
| Body mass index | <25 kg/m2 | 21.1% (109/516) | 23.8% (123/516) | 26.4% (136/516) | 17.1% (88/516) |
| 25–29 kg/m2 | 22.0% (246/1118) | 24.8% (277/1118) | 24.3% (272/1118) | 15.7% (175/1118) | |
| 30–35 kg/m2 | 22.5% (161/717) | 24.4% (175/717) | 28.0% (201/717) | 14.5% (104/717) | |
| ≥35 kg/m2 | 19.5% (72/370) | 31.9% (118/370) | 26.5% (98/370) | 20.0% (74/370) | |
| Waist circumference# | Normal | 21.4% (130/608) | 23.0% (140/608) | 24.7% (150/608) | 16.5% (100/608) |
| Abdominal overweight | 19.1% (103/538) | 25.3% (136/538) | 23.6% (127/538) | 14.5% (78/538) | |
| Central obesity | 23.0% (337/1467) | 27.0% (396/1467) | 27.7% (407/1467) | 17.3% (254/1467) | |
| Salt added to cooked food | No | 21.9% (412/1883) | 23.5% (443/1883) | 25.1% (472/1883) | 15.9% (300/1883) |
| Yes | 21.2% (181/855) | 30.1% (257/855)** | 28.3% (242/855) | 17.4% (149/855) | |
| Fruit & vegetable consumption | High (≥500 g) | 21.2% (359/1690) | 21.2% (359/1690) | 24.1% (407/1690) | 12.4% (209/1690) |
| Low (<500 g) | 22.5% (237/1052) | 32.2% (339/1052)** | 29.2% (307/1052) | 22.8% (240/1052)** | |
| Fish consumption | At least once a week | 20.9% (233/1116) | 21.5% (240/1116) | 22.1% (247/1116) | 13.9% (155/1116) |
| Less than once a week | 22.4% (364/1626) | 28.1% (457/1626)** | 28.7% (467/1626) | 18.1% (294/1626)* | |
| Saturated fat consumption | Not restricted | 21.2% (170/803) | 26.9% (216/803) | 27.2% (218/803) | 16.4% (132/803) |
| Restricted | 21.8% (418/1915) | 25.0% (478/1915) | 25.9% (495/1915) | 16.2% (310/1915) | |
[i] Statistical significance after adjustment for gender, age and educational level (for HADS scores ≥ 11 only): * P < 0.01; ** P < 0.001.
# Abdominal overweight was defined as waist circumference of ≥80 cm in females and ≥94 cm in males, and females with waist circumference of ≥88 cm or males with waist circumference of ≥102 cm were diagnosed with central obesity.
Table 3
Anxiety and depressive symptoms in relation to manifestations of CVD.
| Comorbidity | Level | Symptoms of anxiety | Symptoms of depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADS-A score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-A score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 8 to 10, % (n/N) | HADS-D score ≥ 11, % (n/N) | ||
| Inclusion criteria | Hypertension | 22.7% (380/1678) | 24.7% (415/1678) | 26.2% (440/1678) | 14.0% (234/1678) |
| CHD | 20.2% (218/1080) | 26.8% (289/1080) | 26.1% (282/1080) | 19.9% (215/1080)** | |
| History of MI | No | 22.3% (534/2392) | 25.7% (615/2392) | 25.9% (619/2392) | 16.6% (397/2392) |
| Yes | 17.5% (64/366) | 24.3% (89/366) | 28.1% (103/366) | 14.2% (52/366) | |
| History of revascularization | No | 22.0% (544/2473) | 25.9% (640/2473) | 25.7% (636/2473) | 16.9% (417/2473) |
| Yes | 19.0% (54/285) | 22.5% (64/285) | 30.2% (86/285) | 11.2% (32/285) | |
| Angina at rest | No | 21.6% (581/2693) | 25.4% (684/2693) | 26.0% (701/2693) | 16.1% (434/2693) |
| Yes | 22.8% (13/57) | 33.3% (19/57) | 31.6% (18/57) | 22.8% (13/57) | |
| Exertional angina | No | 21.8% (468/2151) | 24.4% (525/2151) | 26.7% (574/2151) | 14.7% (317/2151) |
| Yes | 21.4% (130/607) | 29.5% (179/607) | 24.4% (148/607) | 21.8% (132/607)* | |
| Diabetes (Type 1 or 2) | No | 21.5% (456/2125) | 25.3% (537/2125) | 25.5% (542/2125) | 15.0% (319/2125) |
| Yes | 22.4% (139/622) | 26.1% (162/622) | 28.5% (177/622) | 20.4% (127/622)* | |
| Extrasystoles | No | 22.1% (475/2146) | 23.6% (507/2146) | 26.1% (561/2146) | 14.8% (318/2146) |
| Yes | 20.0% (120/601) | 32.0% (192/601)** | 26.3% (158/601) | 21.3% (128/601)** | |
| Atrial fibrillation | No | 21.4% (533/2497) | 25.4% (633/2497) | 26.3% (656/2497) | 15.6% (389/2497) |
| Yes | 24.8% (62/250) | 26.4% (66/250) | 25.2% (63/250) | 22.8% (57/250) | |
| Conduction disturbances | No | 21.5% (537/2497) | 24.9% (622/2497) | 26.4% (658/2497) | 15.3% (383/2497) |
| Yes | 23.2% (58/250) | 30.8% (77/250) | 24.4% (61/250) | 25.2% (63/250)* | |
| Heart failure | No | 22.1% (385/1743) | 23.9% (417/1743) | 23.8% (415/1743) | 14.1% (245/1743) |
| Yes | 20.9% (210/1004) | 28.1% (282/1004) | 30.3% (304/1004) | 20.0% (201/1004) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | No | 20.4% (282/1380) | 21.7% (299/1380) | 23.0% (318/1380) | 13.3% (183/1380) |
| Yes | 22.9% (313/1367) | 29.3% (400/1367)* | 29.3% (401/1367) | 19.2% (263/1367) | |
| Prior stroke | No | 21.5% (552/2572) | 25.3% (651/2572) | 26.2% (673/2572) | 15.8% (406/2572) |
| Yes | 24.6% (43/175) | 27.4% (48/175) | 26.3% (46/175) | 22.9% (40/175) | |
[i] Statistical significance after adjustment for gender, age and educational level (for HADS scores ≥ 11 only): * P < 0.01; ** P < 0.001.
Table 4
Factors associated with anxiety symptoms: results of a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis.
| Outcome: HADS - Anxiety score ≥ 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
| High stress level (VAS score ≥ 8) | 5.79 (4.18 to 8.03) | P < 0.0001 |
| Moderate stress level (VAS score 5–7) | 2.34 (1.73 to 3.16) | P < 0.0001 |
| Low social support | 1.87 (1.31 to 2.68) | P = 0.0007 |
| Female gender | 1.78 (1.41 to 2.25) | P < 0.0001 |
| Walking < 30 min/day | 1.55 (1.20 to 2.01) | P = 0.0007 |
| Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 1.50 (1.23 to 1.84) | P < 0.0001 |
| Unemployed | 1.43 (1.14 to 1.79) | P = 0.0021 |
| Adding salt to cooked food | 1.41 (1.17 to 1.76) | P = 0.0005 |
| Use of alcohol | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.90) | P = 0.0028 |
[i] Note: In the stepwise logistic regression model described above, the following factors were included in the models: gender, age, educational level, family income, social support, stress level, registered disability, drinking alcohol, walking, salt added to cooked food, fruit & vegetables consumption, fish consumption, cerebrovascular disease, extra systoles, back pain, peptic ulcer and statins.
Table 5
Factors associated with depressive symptoms: results of a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis.
| Outcome: HADS - Depression score ≥ 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
| High stress level (VAS score ≥ 8) | 2.28 (1.60 to 3.23) | P < 0.0001 |
| Walking < 30 min/day | 2.03 (1.51 to 2.72) | P < 0.0001 |
| Low social support | 1.87 (1.28 to 2.74) | P = 0.0012 |
| Use of alcohol | 0.57 (0.44 to 0.74) | P < 0.0001 |
| Unemployed | 1.73 (1.29 to 2.34) | P = 0.0003 |
| Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 1.68 (1.33 to 2.11) | P < 0.0001 |
| Low family income | 1.66 (1.32 to 2.09) | P < 0.0001 |
| Registered disability | 1.53 (1.21 to 1.93) | P = 0.0003 |
[i] Note: In the stepwise logistic regression model described above, the following factors were included in the models: gender, age, educational level, employment, family income, social support, stress level, registered disability, drinking alcohol, walking, fruit & vegetables consumption, fish consumption, inclusion criteria, exertional angina, diabetes (Type I or II), extra systoles, conduction disturbances, and nitrates.