Figure 1
Flowchart of persons selection. CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
ABI – ankle-brachial index; LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG – coronary artery bypass graft; CAVI – cardio-ankle vascular index.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study groups (n = 238).
| Variables | Group 1 CAVI < 9.0 n = 150 | Group 2 CAVI ≥ 9.0 n = 88 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age. years | 56.5 (51.0; 62.0) | 62.0 (55.5; 68.5) | <0.001 |
| Male sex (n. %) | 119 (79.33) | 64 (72.73) | 0.243 |
| Height (cm) | 170 (164.0; 176.0) | 170.0 (164.0; 175.5) | 0.834 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.0 (71.0; 89.0) | 80.0 (73.5; 86.5) | 0.841 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.39 (25.2; 31.83) | 28.36 (26.63; 30.48) | 0.752 |
| Smoking (n. %) | 45 (30.0) | 18 (20.45) | 0.011 |
| Myocardial infarction history (n. %) | 100 (66.67) | 52 (59.09) | 0.240 |
| Hypertension (n. %) | 122 (81.33) | 82 (93.18) | 0.011 |
| Stroke history (n. %) | 10 (6.8) | 6 (6.82) | 0.964 |
| Transischemic attack (n. %) | 1 (0.67) | 1 (1.14) | 0.701 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n. %) | 14 (9.33) | 20 (22.73) | 0.0043 |
| PCI history (n. %) | 14 (9.33) | 7 (7.95) | 0.717 |
| CABG history (n. %) | 1 (0.67) | 1 (1.14) | 0.701 |
| Carotid endarterectomy (n. %) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (2.27) | 0.887 |
| No angina (n. %) | 24 (16.0) | 24 (27.3) | 0.038 |
| Angina I functional class (n. %) | 6 (4.0) | 2 (2.27) | 0.47 |
| Angina II functional class (n. %) | 54 (36.0) | 25 (28.41) | 0.216 |
| Angina III functional class (n. %) | 63 (42.0) | 33 (37.5) | 0.468 |
| Angina IV functional class (n. %) | 3 (2.0) | 4 (4.55) | 0.129 |
| HF NYHA I (n. %) | 91 (60.6) | 50 (56.8) | 0.559 |
| HF NYHA II (n. %) | 45 (30.0) | 33 (37.5) | 0.234 |
| HF NYHA III (n. %) | 5 (3.33) | 3 (3.41) | 0.975 |
| Surgical procedure | |||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass (n. %) | 124 (82.67) | 77 (87.5) | 0.321 |
| Bypass graft number | 2.5 (2.0; 3.0) | 3.0 (2.0; 3.0) | 0.257 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass duration (min) | 98.0 (77.0; 112.0) | 94.0 (79.0; 107.0) | 0.645 |
| Оperation duration (min) | 243.0 (198.0; 300.0) | 240.0 (79.0; 107.0) | 0.691 |
| Ventriculoplasty. n (%) | 8 (5.33) | 3 (3.41) | 0.494 |
| Thrombectomy. n (%) | 5 (3.33) | 0 | 0.083 |
| Radiofrequency ablation. n (%) | 2 (1.33) | 2 (2.27) | 0.586 |
| Carotid endarterectomy. n (%) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (2.27) | 0.887 |
| Preoperative echocardiogram | |||
| LV EDD (cm) | 109.0 (103.0; 118.0) | 109.0 (103.0; 116.0) | 0.871 |
| LV ESD (cm) | 116.0 (111.0; 123.0) | 114.0 (109.0; 124.0) | 0.442 |
| LV EDV (ml) | 136.0 (123.5; 167.0) | 131.0 (117.0; 157.0) | 0.161 |
| LV ESV (ml) | 141.0 (127.0; 156.0) | 142.0 (122.0; 153.0) | 0.779 |
| LA (mm) | 108.0 (102.0; 113.0) | 109 (103.0; 116.0) | 0.117 |
| LV EF (%) | 55.0 (48.0; 59.0) | 53.0 (48.0; 59.0) | 0.822 |
| LVMMI (g/m2) | 151.25 (124.8; 177.7) | 157.4 (138.9; 194.15) | 0.068 |
| E (cm/s) | 52.0 (47.0; 66.0) | 49.0 (40.0; 71.0) | 0.670 |
| А (cm/s) | 56.0 (0.88; 73.0) | 58 (46.0; 70.0) | 0.835 |
| E/A ratio | 0.87 (0.7; 1.2) | 0.775 (0.67; 1.2) | 0.195 |
| DT (ms) | 201.0 (197.0; 243.0) | 209.0 (198.0; 230.0) | 0.834 |
| IVRT (ms) | 102.0 (91.0; 113.0) | 104.0 (90.0; 116.0) | 0.784 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 (3.8; 5.8) | 4.25 (3.75; 5.25) | 0.189 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.22 (0.94; 1.49) | 1.24 (1.05; 1.58) | 0.231 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.84 (1.97; 3.79) | 2.5 (1.88; 3.7) | 0.175 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.55 (1.1; 2.1) | 1.46 (0.96; 1.7) | 0.140 |
| Atherogenicity index | 2.43 (1.9; 3.3) | 2.9 (2.1; 4.5) | 0.048 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 77.0 (64.0; 95.0) | 75.0 (65.0; 95.0) | 0.948 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 (5.26; 6.6) | 5.6 (4.9; 6.5) | 0.605 |
| Сoronary angiography | |||
| 1-coronary artery disease (n. %) | 37 (24.66) | 20 (22.73) | 0.606 |
| 2-coronary artery disease (n. %) | 51 (34.0) | 25 (28.41) | 0.329 |
| 3-coronary artery disease (n. %) | 62 (41.33) | 43 (48.86) | 0.288 |
| LMCA ≥ 50% (n. %) | 37 (24.67) | 18 (20.45) | 0.456 |
| Lesion of non-coronary arteries | |||
| Сarotid artery stenoses ≥30% (n. %) | 25 (16.67) | 18 (20.45) | 0.463 |
| Сarotid artery stenoses ≥50% (n. %) | 16 (10.67) | 14 (15.91) | 0.239 |
| Сarotid artery stenoses on both sides ≥30% (n. %) | 14 (9.33) | 14 (15.91) | 0.128 |
| Lower extremities arteries stenoses ≥30% (n. %) | 17 (11.33) | 9 (10.23) | 0.791 |
| Lower extremities arteries stenoses ≥50% (n. %) | 5 (3.33) | 5 (5.68) | 0.383 |
| Lower extremities arteries stenoses on both sides ≥30% (n. %) | 15 (10.0) | 8 (9.09) | 0.818 |
| CIMT (mm) | 1.1 (1.0; 1.2) | 1.2 (1.0; 1.2) | 0.278 |
[i] Note: Continuous data are presented as median (lower quartile. upper quartile).
Abbreviations: EDD – end-diastolic dimension; ESD end-systolic dimension; DT – deceleration time; IVRT – isovolumic relaxation time; LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LV ESV – left ventricular end-systolic volume; LA – left atrium; CABG – coronary artery bypass graft; LV EF – left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA – New York Heart Association; PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI – body mass index; LDL – low-density lipoproteins; CIMT – carotid intima-media thickness; HDL – high-density lipoproteins; LVMI – left ventricular mass index; LMCA – left main coronary artery.
Figure 2
Prevalence of multifocal atherosclerosis in groups with abnormal and normal CAVI.
CAVI – cardio-ankle vascular index.
Table 2
Linear regression analysis (stepwise method) for the relationship of CAVI with other variables (Coefficients)a.
| Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
| 1 | (Constant) | 3.816 | 0.634 | 6.015 | 0.000 | |
| Age | 0.081 | 0.011 | 0.421 | 7.633 | 0.000 | |
| 2 | (Constant) | 1.744 | 0.788 | 2.213 | 0.028 | |
| Age | 0.073 | 0.011 | 0.378 | 6.939 | 0.000 | |
| Left atrium | 0.602 | 0.143 | 0.230 | 4.212 | 0.000 | |
[i] a Dependent Variable: CAVI.
Figure 3
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Performance of baseline parameters in discriminating of the pathological CAVI.
CAVI – cardio-ankle vascular index.
Table 3
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Performance of baseline parameters in discriminating of the pathological CAVI. Area under the curve.
| Test Result Variable(s) | Area | Std. Errora | Asymptotic Sig. | Asymptotic 95% Confidence Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
| Age | 0.716 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.663 | 0.769 |
| Left atrium dimention | 0.624 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.569 | 0.679 |
| 2-coronary artery disease | 0.481 | 0.029 | 0.520 | 0.424 | 0.538 |
| 3-coronary artery disease | 0.543 | 0.029 | 0.140 | 0.486 | 0.601 |
[i] The test result variable(s): Age. Left atrium dimention. two-coronary artery disease. three-coronary artery disease has at least one tie between the positive actual state group and the negative actual state group.
a Under the nonparametric assumption.
b Null hypothesis: true area = 0.5.
Figure 4
Structure of complications in the long-term period after CABG.
CVD – cardiovascular disease; MI – myocardial infarction; TIA – transient ischemic attack; PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention; PE – pulmonary embolism; CAG – coronary angiography; CAVI – cardio-ankle vascular index.
Table 4
Factors associated with the combined end point development within five years after CABG according to logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Univariate logistic regression analysis | ||
| CAVI ≥9.0 | 1.78 (1.04–3.06) | 0.031 |
| Male sex | 0.58 (0.32–1.07) | 0.08 |
| Age | 0.97 (1.04–0.97) | 0.670 |
| Myocardial infarction history | 0.89 (0.34–2.34) | 0.824 |
| Stroke history | 1.81 (0.67–4.91) | 0.236 |
| Hypertension | 1.49 (0.69–3.21) | 0.307 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.66 (0.8–3.4) | 0.169 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.98 (0.97–1.0) | 0.058 |
| Smoking | 0.87 (0.48–1.57) | 0.652 |
| Left main coronary artery ≥50% | 0.67 (0.35–1.2) | 0.215 |
| 3-coronary artery disease | 1.0 (0.83–1.2) | 0.96 |
| 1 – bypass graft | 1.54 (0.8–2.9) | 0.187 |
| 2 – bypass graft | 1.28 (0.96–1.7) | 0.085 |
| 3 – bypass graft | 0.8 (0.67–0.96) | 0.015 |
| Multifocal atherosclerosis ≥30% | 1.53 (0.9–2.6) | 0.111 |
| Multifocal atherosclerosis ≥50% | 1.58 (0.79–3.17) | 0.188 |
| Сarotid artery stenosis ≥30% ≥30% | 1.28 (0.65–2.5) | 0.466 |
| Сarotid artery stenosis ≥50% | 1.78 (0.83–3.81) | 0.134 |
| Stenosis of the arteries lower extremities on both sides ≥30% | 2.08 (0.95–4.59) | 0.065 |
| Multivariable logistic models Adjusted for age and sex. p < 0.001 | ||
| 3 – bypass graft | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.013 |
| CAVI ≥9.0 | 1.88 (1.04–3.4) | 0.033 |
Table 5
Results of binary logistic regression (forward LR method): association of factors with the risk of combined end point development.
| Variables in the Equation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | ||
| Step 1a | CAVI ≥9.0 | 0.615 | 0.285 | 4.667 | 1 | 0.031 | 1.850 |
| Constant | –0.590 | 0.175 | 11.420 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.554 | |
| Step 2b | Graft number | –0.364 | 0.161 | 5.137 | 1 | 0.023 | 0.695 |
| CAVI ≥9.0 | 0.666 | 0.290 | 5.287 | 1 | 0.021 | 1.946 | |
| Constant | 0.249 | 0.404 | 0.380 | 1 | 0.538 | 1.283 | |
[i] a Variable(s) entered on step 1: CAVI ≥9.0.
b Variable(s) entered on step 2: Graft number.