Association between Sleep Duration and Hypertension among Adults in Southwest China

VARIABLE	THE ASSIGNMENT
Sex	1 = male; 2 = female
Age	68 ± 10
BMI (kg/m²)	24 ± 3
HR (times/min)	74 ± 11
Blood glucose(mmol/L)	5.9 ± 1.9
Educational status	1 = primary, 2 = middle, 3 = high, 4 = college, 5 = master
Smoking	0 = never, 1 = current, 2 = past, 3 = don’t smoke but has a long history of secondhand smoke inhalation
Drinking	0 = never,1 = current, 2 = past
Outdoor activities (hours/week)	1 =≥ 20, 2 = 5–20, 3 =≤ 5
Vegetable consumption (days/week)	1 =≥ 5, 2 = 3–5, 3 =≤ 3
Fruit consumption (day/week)	1 =< 3, 2 =≥ 3
Sleep duration (hours/days)	1 = 6–8, 2 =< 6, 3 => 8
Hypertension	0 = no, 1 = yes
Diabetes	0 = no, 1 = yes
Hyperlipidemia	0 = no, 1 = yes
Hyperhomocysteinemia	0 = no, 1 = yes
CVD	0 = no, 1 = yes
CHF	0 = no, 1 = yes
CRF	0 = no, 1 = yes
AF	0 = no, 1 = yes
Cerebral infarction	0 = no, 1 = yes
Cerebral hemorrhage	0 = no, 1 = yes
Use of antihypertensives	0 = no, 1 = yes
Use of lipid-lowering agents	0 = no, 1 = yes

[i] BMI: body mass index. HR: heart rate. CVD: coronary vessel disease. CHF: chronic hepatic failure. CRF: chronic renal failure. AF: atrial fibrillation.

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of all participants by hypertension status.

VARIABLE	HYPERTENSION		P
VARIABLE	YES	NO	P
Sex(%)			0.378
male	4,533(44.2)	4,265(43.6)
female	5,728(55.8)	5,527(56.4)
Age	71 ± 8	66 ± 11	<0.01
BMI	25 ± 3	24 ± 3	<0.01
HR	74 ± 11	73 ± 11	<0.01
Blood glucose	6.0 ± 2.0	5.9 ± 1.8	0.002
Educational status(%)			<0.01
primary	7,611(74.2)	6,713(68.6)
middle	1,817(17.7)	1,915(19.6)
high	650(6.3)	733(7.5)
college	182(1.8)	429(4.4)
master	1(0.0)	2(0.0)
Smoking(%)			0.007
never	8,020(78.2)	7,531(76.9)
current	1,425(13.9)	1,464(15.0)
past	198(1.9)	150(1.5)
long history of second-hand smoke inhalation	618(6.0)	647(6.6)
Drinking(%)			0.428
never	8,504(82.9)	8,047(82.2)
current	1,630(15.9)	1,617(16.5)
past	127(1.2)	128(1.3)
Outdoor activities(%)			<0.01
≥20	4,681(45.6)	3,854(39.4)
5–20	4,379(42.7)	4,560(46.6)
≤5	1,201(11.7)	1,378(14.1)
Vegetable consumption(%)			<0.01
≥5	7,433(72.4)	6,681(68.2)
3–5	2,226(21.7)	2,545(26.0)
≤3	602(5.9)	566(5.8)
Fruit consumption(%)			0.017
≥3	4,005(39.0)	3,985(40.7)
<3	6,256(61.0)	5,807(59.3)
Sleep duration(%)			<0.01
6–8	7,593(74.0)	7,567(77.3)
<6	1,982(19.3)	1,534(15.7)
>8	686(6.7)	691(7.1)
Diabetes(%)			<0.01
yes	1,894(18.5)	1,230(12.6)
no	8,367(81.5)	8,562(87.4)
Hyperlipidemia(%)			<0.01
yes	2,065(20.1)	1,426(14.6)
no	8,196(79.9)	8,366(85.4)
Hyperhomocysteinemia(%)			<0.01
yes	52(0.5)	5(0.1)
no	10,209(99.5)	9,787(99.9)
CVD(%)			<0.01
yes	604(5.9)	224(2.3)
no	9,657(94.1)	9,568(97.7)
CHF(%)			0.093
yes	120(1.2)	141(1.4)
no	10,141(98.8)	9,651(98.6)
CRF(%)			0.001
yes	36(0.4)	12(0.1)
no	10,225(99.6)	9,780(99.9)
AF(%)			0.008
yes	51(0.5)	26(0.3)
no	10,210(99.5)	9,766(99.7)
Cerebral infarction(%)			0.001
yes	173(1.7)	110(1.1)
no	10,088(98.3)	9,682(98.9)
Cerebral hemorrhage(%)			<0.01
yes	50(0.5)	11(0.1)
no	10,211(99.5)	9,781(99.9)
Use of antihypertensives(%)			<0.01
yes	7,578(73.9)	0(0.0)
no	2,683(26.1)	9,792(100.0)
Use of lipid-lowering agents(%)			<0.01
Yes	434(4.2)	182(1.9)
no	9,827(95.8)	9,610(98.1)

[i] A P < 0.05 was considered significant. BMI: body mass index. HR: heart rate. CVD: coronary vessel disease. CHF: chronic hepatic failure. CRF: chronic renal failure. AF: atrial fibrillation.

Table 3

Unadjusted analysis between sleep duration and hypertension.

SLEEP DURATION	TOTAL	HYPERTENSION (%)			χ² TEST		LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
SLEEP DURATION	TOTAL	NO	YES		χ²	P	OR	P	95%CI
Normal (6–8h/day)	15,160	7,567 (49.9)	7,593 (50.1)		46.2	<0.01	*
Short (<6h/day)	3,516	1,534 (43.6)	1,982 (56.4)	^#			1.011	0.849	0.905–1.129
Long (>8h/day)	1,377	691 (50.2)	686(49.8)				1.301	<0.010	1.149–1.475