Table 1
Grading of Knowledge (K), Attitude (A), and Practice (P) scores about CVD into Categories ‘Limited and Adequate’ and Sub-Categories ‘’Poor, Fair, Good, and Excellent’.
Table 2
Bivariate analysis of demographics and other characteristics of the enrolled subjects (CVD patients vs Non-CVD participants) (N = 921).
| STUDY GROUPS | TOTAL | P.VALUE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NON-CVD | CVD | ||||
| Governorate | Beirut | 73 | 80 | 153 | <0.001 |
| 15.8% | 17.4% | 16.6% | |||
| North Lebanon | 89 | 43 | 132 | ||
| 19.3% | 9.3% | 14.3% | |||
| South Lebanon | 92 | 75 | 167 | ||
| 20.0% | 16.3% | 18.1% | |||
| Mount Lebanon | 105 | 219 | 324 | ||
| 22.8% | 47.6% | 35.2% | |||
| Beqaa | 102 | 43 | 145 | ||
| 22.1% | 9.3% | 15.7% | |||
| Gender | Male | 220 | 242 | 462 | 0.138 |
| 47.7% | 52.6% | 50.2% | |||
| Female | 241 | 218 | 459 | ||
| 52.3% | 47.4% | 49.8% | |||
| Age | <45 | 318 | 60 | 378 | <0.001 |
| 69.0% | 13.0% | 41.0% | |||
| 45 – 65 | 118 | 253 | 371 | ||
| 25.6% | 55.0% | 40.3% | |||
| >65 | 25 | 147 | 172 | ||
| 5.4% | 32.0% | 18.7% | |||
| Age | Mean (SD) | 36.3 (15.4) | 58.3 (13.7) | 47.3 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Min – Max | 18–86 | 19–90 | 18–90 | ||
| Marital status | Single | 219 | 39 | 258 | <0.001 |
| 47.5% | 8.5% | 28.0% | |||
| Married | 220 | 357 | 577 | ||
| 47.7% | 77.6% | 62.6% | |||
| Divorced | 10 | 13 | 23 | ||
| 2.2% | 2.8% | 2.5% | |||
| Widowed | 12 | 51 | 63 | ||
| 2.6% | 11.1% | 6.8% | |||
| Occupation | Not working | 136 | 86 | 222 | <0.001 |
| 29.5% | 18.7% | 24.1% | |||
| Working as healthcare professional | 70 | 24 | 94 | ||
| 15.2% | 5.2% | 10.2% | |||
| Working as non-healthcare professional | 192 | 197 | 389 | ||
| 41.6% | 42.8% | 42.2% | |||
| Household | 63 | 153 | 216 | ||
| 13.7% | 33.3% | 23.5% | |||
| Educational level | No formal education | 12 | 24 | 36 | <0.001 |
| 2.6% | 5.2% | 3.9% | |||
| Elementary class | 11 | 93 | 104 | ||
| 2.4% | 20.2% | 11.3% | |||
| Complementary | 35 | 91 | 126 | ||
| 7.6% | 19.8% | 13.7% | |||
| Secondary | 71 | 98 | 169 | ||
| 15.4% | 21.3% | 18.3% | |||
| University level | 266 | 118 | 384 | ||
| 57.7% | 25.7% | 41.7% | |||
| Postgraduate | 66 | 36 | 102 | ||
| 14.3% | 7.8% | 11.1% | |||
| Personal Monthly income | 0–750,000LL | 157 | 124 | 281 | <0.001 |
| 34.1% | 27.0% | 30.5% | |||
| 751,000–1,500,000LL | 116 | 91 | 207 | ||
| 25.2% | 19.8% | 22.5% | |||
| 1,501,000–3,000,000LL | 97 | 91 | 188 | ||
| 21.0% | 19.8% | 20.4% | |||
| 3,001,000–4,500,000LL | 39 | 59 | 98 | ||
| 8.5% | 12.8% | 10.6% | |||
| More than 4,500,000LL | 52 | 95 | 147 | ||
| 11.3% | 20.7% | 16.0% | |||
| Smoking (Are you a current smoker?) | No | 326 | 257 | 583 | <0.001 |
| 70.7% | 55.9% | 63.3% | |||
| Yes | 135 | 203 | 338 | ||
| 29.3% | 44.1% | 36.7% | |||
| Medical History | Diabetes mellitus | 27 | 149 | 176 | <0.001 |
| 5.9% | 32.4% | 19.1% | |||
| High Cholesterol | 35 | 224 | 259 | <0.001 | |
| 7.6% | 48.7% | 28.1% | |||
| Obese | 36 | 131 | 167 | <0.001 | |
| 7.8% | 28.5% | 18.1% | |||
| Thyroid disease | 22 | 64 | 86 | <0.001 | |
| 4.8% | 13.9% | 9.3% | |||
| Stroke | 2 | 30 | 32 | <0.001 | |
| 0.4% | 6.5% | 3.5% | |||
| Source of Information | Healthcare worker | 221 | 353 | 574 | <0.001 |
| 47.9% | 76.7% | 62.3% | |||
| TV and radio | 300 | 284 | 584 | 0.293 | |
| 65.1% | 61.7% | 63.4% | |||
| Newspapers or general magazines | 128 | 97 | 225 | 0.018 | |
| 27.8% | 21.1% | 24.4% | |||
| Specialized health journals | 177 | 72 | 249 | <0.001 | |
| 38.4% | 15.7% | 27.0% | |||
| By watching medical conferences | 132 | 42 | 174 | <0.001 | |
| 28.6% | 9.1% | 18.9% | |||
| Through the experience of cardiac patient | 219 | 294 | 513 | <0.01 | |
Table 3
Bivariate analysis of KAP scores about CVD and participants distribution (N) (CVD vs Non-CVD) according to subcategories (Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent).
| STUDY GROUPS | TOTAL | P.VALUE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NON-CVD | CVD | ||||
| Knowledge (Subjects’ distribution) | Poor | 283 | 202 | 485 | <0.001 |
| 61.4% | 43.9% | 52.7% | |||
| Fair | 132 | 211 | 343 | ||
| 28.6% | 45.9% | 37.2% | |||
| Good | 43 | 46 | 89 | ||
| 9.3% | 10.0% | 9.7% | |||
| Excellent | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||
| 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.4% | |||
| Knowledge score | Mean (SD) | 23.5 (7.9) | 26.6 (5.2) | 25.0 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Min – Max | 0 – 40 | 5–39 | 0–40 | ||
| % Mean over 40 | 58.75% | 66.50% | 62.50% | ||
| Attitude (Subjects’ distribution) | Poor | 140 | 98 | 238 | 0.006 |
| 30.4% | 21.3% | 25.8% | |||
| Fair | 188 | 224 | 412 | ||
| 40.8% | 48.7% | 44.7% | |||
| Good | 133 | 136 | 269 | ||
| 28.9% | 29.6% | 29.2% | |||
| Excellent | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | |||
| Attitude score | Mean (SD) | 61.4 (12.4) | 63.3 (10.2) | 62.3 (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Min – Max | 21–82 | 29 – 83 | 21–83 | ||
| % Mean over 85 | 72.23% | 74.47% | 73.29% | ||
| Practice (Subjects’ distribution) | Poor | 224 | 267 | 491 | <0.001 |
| 48.6% | 58.0% | 53.3% | |||
| Fair | 63 | 101 | 164 | ||
| 13.7% | 22.0% | 17.8% | |||
| Good | 84 | 60 | 144 | ||
| 18.2% | 13.0% | 15.6% | |||
| Excellent | 90 | 32 | 122 | ||
| 19.5% | 7.0% | 13.2% | |||
| Practice score | Mean (SD) | 6.3 (2.2) | 6.0 (1.7) | 6.1 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Min – Max | 1–9 | 2–9 | 1–9 | ||
| % Mean over 9 | 70.00% | 66.66% | 67.77% | ||
Figure 1
Percentage (%) of CVD patients versus Non-CVD subjects with Knowledge (A), Attitude (A), and Practice (P) scores represented in categories (Limited/Adequate) and sub-categories (Poor/Fair/Good/Excellent).
Table 4
Percentage (%) of Lebanese CVD patients and non-CVD subjects (Control) with Poor Knowledge, Poor Attitude, and Poor Practice regarding CVD according to socio-demographic status.
| % POOR KNOWLEDGE | % POOR ATTITUDE | % POOR PRACTICE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENDER | MALE | NON-CVDNon-CVD | 60.0% | 35.9% | 59.5% |
| CVD | 42.1% | 21.9% | 57.0% | ||
| FEMALE | NON-CVDNon-CVD | 62.7% | 25.3% | 38.6% | |
| CVD | 45.9% | 20.6% | 59.2% | ||
| AGE | <45 | NON-CVDNon-CVD | 57.2% | 27.7% | 46.9% |
| CVD | 45.0% | 16.7% | 55.0% | ||
| 45–65 | NON-CVD | 71.2% | 34.7% | 55.1% | |
| CVD | 40.7% | 28.6% | 56.5% | ||
| >65 | NON-CVD | 68.0% | 44.0% | 40.0% | |
| CVD | 49.0% | 21.3% | 61.9% | ||
| MARITAL STATUS | SINGLE | NON-CVD | 53.0% | 26.0% | 44.3% |
| CVD | 35.9% | 23.1% | 46.2% | ||
| MARRIED | NON-CVD | 67.7% | 34.1% | 51.8% | |
| CVD | 42.3% | 20.2% | 57.1% | ||
| DIVORCED | NON-CVD | 70.0% | 20.0% | 60.0% | |
| CVD | 38.5% | 15.4% | 69.2% | ||
| WIDOWED | NON-CVD | 91.7% | 50.0% | 58.3% | |
| CVD | 62.7% | 29.4% | 70.6% | ||
| EDUCATION LEVEL | NO FORMAL EDUCATION | NON-CVD | 83.3% | 66.7% | 50.0% |
| CVD | 66.7% | 33.3% | 58.3% | ||
| ELEMENTARY CLASS | NON-CVD | 72.7% | 54.5% | 72.7% | |
| CVD | 61.3% | 30.1% | 73.1% | ||
| COMPLEMENTARY | NON-CVD | 65.7% | 54.3% | 54.3% | |
| CVD | 45.1% | 22.0% | 54.9% | ||
| SECONDARY | NON-CVD | 74.6% | 33.8% | 54.9% | |
| CVD | 36.7% | 15.3% | 49.0% | ||
| UNIVERSITY LEVEL | NON-CVD | 56.8% | 26.7% | 48.1% | |
| CVD | 35.6% | 16.9% | 58.5% | ||
| POSTGRADUATE | NON-CVD | 57.6% | 18.2% | 36.4% | |
| CVD | 27.8% | 19.4% | 50.0% | ||
| OCCUPATION | NOT WORKING | NON-CVD | 64.7% | 28.7% | 52.9% |
| CVD | 45.3% | 26.7% | 58.1% | ||
| WORKING AS HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL | NON-CVD | 20.0% | 20.0% | 32.9% | |
| CVD | 8.3% | 25.0% | 58.3% | ||
| WORKING AS NON-HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL | NON-CVD | 72.9% | 35.4% | 54.2% | |
| CVD | 46.7% | 18.8% | 55.8% | ||
| HOUSEHOLD | NON-CVD | 65.1% | 30.2% | 39.7% | |
| CVD | 45.1% | 20.9% | 60.8% | ||
| GOVERNORATES | BEIRUT | NON-CVD | 46.6% | 26.0% | 39.7% |
| CVD | 35.0% | 15.0% | 51.3% | ||
| NORTH LEBANON | NON-CVD | 62.9% | 30.3% | 51.7% | |
| CVD | 55.8% | 11.6% | 65.1% | ||
| SOUTH LEBANON | NON-CVD | 63.0% | 25.0% | 43.5% | |
| CVD | 56.0% | 21.3% | 62.7% | ||
| MOUNT LEBANON | NON-CVD | 64.8% | 30.5% | 54.3% | |
| CVD | 40.6% | 26.9% | 62.1% | ||
| BEQAA | NON-CVD | 65.7% | 38.2% | 51.0% | |
| CVD | 44.2% | 14.0% | 34.9% | ||
| PERSONAL INCOME | 0–750,000LL | NON-CVD | 65.6% | 29.3% | 53.5% |
| CVD | 46.0% | 23.4% | 58.9% | ||
| 751,000–1,500,000LL | NON-CVD | 64.7% | 42.2% | 46.6% | |
| CVD | 50.5% | 23.1% | 56.0% | ||
| 1,501,000–3,000,000LL | NON-CVD | 63.9% | 27.8% | 47.4% | |
| CVD | 41.8% | 17.6% | 56.0% | ||
| 3,001,000–4,500,000LL | NON-CVD | 64.1% | 30.8% | 35.9% | |
| CVD | 35.6% | 23.7% | 55.9% | ||
| More than 4,500,000LL | NON-CVD | 34.6% | 11.5% | 50.0% | |
| CVD | 42.1% | 18.9% | 62.1% | ||
| SMOKING STATUS | NO | NON-CVD | 57.1% | 24.8% | 42.6% |
| CVD | 37.7% | 16.7% | 46.7% | ||
| YES | NON-CVD | 71.9% | 43.7% | 63.0% | |
| CVD | 51.7% | 27.1% | 72.4% | ||
Figure 2
Knowledge (K), attitude (A), and practice (P) scores in Non-CVD subjects (A) vs CVD patients (B). Schematic representation of the Percentage (%) of CVD patients versus Control subjects with KAP scores represented in sub-categories (Poor/Fair/Good/Excellent). Each circle represents approximately 10% of the participants.
Figure 3
Target population for CVD awareness: Major factors associated with poor CVD knowledge, attitude, and practice in Non-CVD subjects (A) vs CVD patients (B). The % represents the percentage of subjects.