Modifiable and Non-modifiable Factors Associated with Low Awareness of Hypertension Treatment in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey

CHARACTERISTIC	NUMBER	%
Awareness of Hypertension Treatment
Low Awareness	6,895	87.1
High Awareness	1,025	12.9
Comorbidity Status
No Comorbid	5,134	67.1
1–3 Comorbidities	2,441	31.8
≥4 Comorbidities	81	1.1
Missing	264	—
Gender
Women	4,263	53.8
Men	3,655	46.2
Missing	2	—
Age
Non-elderly [<60 years old]	5,627	71.1
Elderly [≥60 years old]	2,291	28.9
Missing	2	—
Education Level
No Education	1,021	13.3
Elementary School	3,173	41.2
Junior High School	1,099	14.3
Senior High School	200	2.6
University	2,208	28.7
Missing	219	—
Marital Status
Not Currently Married	2,138	27.0
Currently Married	5,780	73.0
Missing	2	—
Blood Pressure Control Status
Irregularly	4971	80.5
Regularly	1,201	19.5
Missing	1,748	—
Economic Status
Quintile 1	1,605	20.3
Quintile 2	1,661	21.0
Quintile 3	1,498	18.9
Quintile 4	1,595	20.1
Quintile 5	1559	19.7
Missing	2	—
Health Care Satisfaction
Low	1,837	25.3
High	5,411	74.7
Missing	672	—
Happiness Status
Unhappy	857	11.8
Happy	6,391	88.2
Missing	672	—
Insomnia
Yes	3,353	46.3
No	3,895	53.7
Missing	672	—
Depressive Symptoms Status
Not Depressed	5,768	79.6
Depressed	1,480	20.4
Missing	672	—
Residency
Rural	4,460	57.6
Urban	3,289	42.4
Missing	171	—
Health Care Visit Status
No	1,548	90.8
Yes	156	9.2
Missing	6,216	—
Coverage of Health Insurance
No	2,105	49.6
Yes	2,141	50.4
Missing	3,674	—
Religiosity
Not Religious	1,248	17.2
Religious	6,002	82.8
Missing	670	—

Univariate Associations with Awareness of Hypertension Treatment.

CHARACTERISTIC	LOW AWARENESS OF HYPERTENSION TREATMENT		HIGH AWARENESS OF HYPERTENSION TREATMENT		P-VALUE
CHARACTERISTIC	N	%	N	%	P-VALUE
Gender					0.000*
Women	3,568	51.8	695	67.9
Men	3,326	48.2	329	32.1
Comorbidity Status					0.000*
No Comorbid	4,865	70.5	269	35.3
1–3 Comorbidities	1,977	28.7	464	61
≥4 Comorbidities	53	0.8	28	3.7
Age					0.000*
Non-elderly [<60 years old]	5,007	72.6	620	60.5
Elderly [≥60 years old]	1,887	27.4	404	39.5
Education Level					0.368
No Education	876	13.1	145	14.5
Elementary School	2,761	41.2	412	41.3
Junior High School	960	14.3	139	13.9
Senior High School	182	2.7	18	1.8
University	1,924	28.7	284	28.5
Marital Status					0.910
Not Currently Married	1,860	26.9	278	27.2
Currently Married	5,034	73.1	746	72.8
Economic Status					0.251
Quintile 1	1,396	20.3	209	20.4
Quintile 2	1,462	21.2	199	19.4
Quintile 3	1,309	19.0	189	18.5
Quintile 4	1,395	20.2	200	19.5
Quintile 5	1,332	19.3	227	22.2
Residency					0.000*
Rural	2,924	42.4	660	64.4
Urban	3,971	57.6	365	35.6
Health Care Visit Status					0.000*
No	1,046	88.6	502	96.0
Yes	135	11.4	21	4.0
Coverage of Health Insurance					0.000*
No	1,892	51.0	320	60.0
Yes	1,821	49.0	213	40.0
Religiosity					0.000*
Not Religious	1,139	18.0	107	11.7
Religious	5,191	82	811	88.3
Blood Pressure Control Status					0.000*
Irregularly	5,328	84.2	514	56.1
Regularly	1,001	15.8	403	43.9
Health Care Satisfaction					0.000*
Low	1,553	24.5	284	30.9
High	4,777	75.5	634	69.1
Happiness Status					0.210
Unhappy	737	11.6	120	13.1
Happy	5,593	88.4	798	86.9
Insomnia					0.000*
Yes	2,858	45.2	423	46.1
No	3,472	54.8	495	53.9
Depressive Symptoms Status					0.000*
Not Depressed	5,091	80.4	677	73.7
Depressed	1,239	19.6	241	26.3

[i] * Included in initial multivariate model.

Association between Modifiable and Non-modifiable Factors with Low Awareness of Hypertension Treatment with Subgroup Analysis Result.

CHARACTERISTIC	OVERALL^a		SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: NO COMORBIDITIES		SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: 1–3 COMORBIDITIES		SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: ≥4 COMORBIDITIES
CHARACTERISTIC	OR [95% CI]^b	P-VALUE	OR [95% CI]	P-VALUE	OR [95% CI]	p-value	OR [95% CI]	p-value
Age
Non-elderly(<60 years old)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Elderly (≥60 years old)	1.60 [1.36–1.88]	0.000	1.72 [1.30–2.29]	0.000	1.82 [1.42–2.32]	0.000	1.34 [0.39–4.61]	0.641*
Blood Pressure Control Status
Regularly	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Irregularly	4.40 [3.78–5.13]	0.000	3.47 [2.63–4.60]	0.000	4.48 [3.54–5.69]	0.000	2.14 [0.64–7.16]	0.219*
Depressive Symptoms Status
Not Depressed	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Depressed	1.35 [1.12–1.62]	0.002	1.04 [0.73–1.48]	0.821*	1.37 [1.04–1.82]	0.028	0.50 [0.10–2.47]	0.398*
Insomnia
No	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Yes	1.31 [1.11–1.53]	0.001	1.46 [1.02–2.09]	0.041	1.19 [0.86–1.66]	0.293*	1.09 [0.21–5.74]	0.916*
Health Care Satisfaction
High	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Low	1.28 [1.08–1.51]	0.003	1.27 [0.94–1.71]	0.114*	1.14 [0.88–1.47]	0.324*	0.60 [0.16–2.21]	0.442*
Religiosity
Not Religious	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Religious	1.55 [1.24–1.94]	0.000	1.75 [1.14–2.68]	0.011	1.56 [1.09–2.22]	0.016	2.29 [0.38–13.70]	0.036*

[i] ^a Goodness-of-fit p-value: 0.271; pseudo-R-squared: 8.74%.

^b Final multivariate model.

* Not significant.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1143 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179

Language: English

Submitted on: Apr 28, 2022

Accepted on: Jul 26, 2022

Published on: Aug 16, 2022

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

© 2022 Qisty A. Khoiry, Sofa D. Alfian, Rizky Abdulah, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Figures & Tables