Table 2a
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| OVERALL | SURVIVORS | IN-HOSPITAL DEATHS N (%) | POST DISCHARGE 30-DAY DEATHS, N (%) | P-VALUE FOR DIFFERENCE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||||
| N | 5313 | 4512 (84.9) | 683 (12.9) | 118 (2.6) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 57.0 (16.1) | 55.6 (16.0) | 64.8 (14.2) | 65.4 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Male | 3159 (59.4) | 2642 (83.6) | 431 (13.6) | 86 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2154 (40.5) | 1870 (86.8) | 252 (11.7) | 32 (1.5) | |
| Ethnic Origin | <0.001 | ||||
| Caucasian | 800 (15.1) | 749 (93.6) | 45 (5.6) | 6 (0.8) | |
| Hispanic | 542 (10.2) | 403 (74.4) | 134 (24.7) | 5 (0.9) | |
| Black | 796 (15.0) | 669 (84) | 117 (14.7) | 10 (1.3) | |
| Middle Eastern | 315 (5.9) | 283 (89.8) | 18 (5.7) | 14 (4.4) | |
| Asian | 2442 (46.0) | 2046 (83.8) | 324 (13.3) | 72 (2.9) | |
| Other | 346 (6.5) | 303 (84.4) | 45 (12.5) | 11 (3.1) | |
| World Bank income groups | <0.001 | ||||
| LIC | 376 (7.1) | 331 (88.0) | 39 (10.4) | 6 (1.6) | |
| LMIC | 2526 (47.5) | 2141 (81.3) | 403 (15.3) | 89 (3.4) | |
| UMIC | 1044 (19.6) | 742 (79.2) | 181 (19.3) | 14 (1.5) | |
| HIC | 1367 (25.7) | 1298 (95) | 60 (4.4) | 9 (0.7) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| Up to primary | 510 (9.6) | 388 (76.1) | 110 (21.6) | 12 (2.4) | |
| Up to secondary | 1162 (21.9) | 1011 (87.0) | 123 (10.6) | 28 (2.4) | |
| College/University | 1264 (23.8) | 1140 (90.2) | 111 (8.8) | 13 (1.0) | |
| Unknown | 2291 (43.1) | 1906 (82.5) | 338 (14.6) | 65 (2.8) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 3080 (58.0) | 2664 (86.5) | 359 (11.7) | 56 (1.8) | |
| Current | 370 (7.0) | 342 (92.2) | 22 (5.9) | 7 (1.9) | |
| Former | 751 (14.1) | 645 (85.9) | 89 (11.9) | 17 (2.3) | |
| Unknown | 1110 (20.9) | 861 (77.5) | 212 (19.1) | 38 (3.4) | |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.9 (5.3) | 0.35 | |||
| Underweight (<18) | 71 (1.3) | 65 (91.5) | 5 (7.0) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Normal weight (18–24) | 1414 (26.6) | 1246 (87.9) | 147 (10.4) | 25 (1.8) | 0.57 |
| Overweight (25–29) | 1289 (24.3) | 1137 (88.3) | 139 (10.8) | 12 (0.9) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 831 (15.6) | 730 (88.2) | 88 (10.6) | 10 (1.2) |
[i] SD = standard deviation; row percentage reported for all categorical variables.
Table 2b
COVID-19 symptoms and comorbidities among study participants.
| COVID-SYMPTOMS AND VITAL SIGNS | OVERALL | SURVIVORS | IN-HOSPITAL DEATHS N (%) | POST DISCHARGE 30-DAY DEATHS N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Diagnosed by using RT-PCR | 5050 (95.0) | 4299(85.1) | 644(12.8) | 107(2.1) |
| Median time from symptom onset to admission (IQR) in minutes | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (2–7) |
| History of self-reported fever | 3526 (66.4) | 3002 (85.1) | 459 (13.0) | 65 (1.9) |
| Cough | 3624 (68.2) | 3087 (85.2) | 472 (13.0) | 65 (1.8) |
| Dyspnoea OR Tachypnoea | 3308 (62.3) | 2689 (81.3) | 534(16.1) | 85 (2.6) |
| Heart rate (beats/min), mean (SD) | 92.1 (17.8) | 91.2 (17.0) | 96.9 (21.6) | 95.7 (17.3) |
| Bradycardia (HR<60bpm) mean (SD) | 101 (1.9) | 85 (84) | 15 (15) | 1 (1) |
| Tachycardia (HR>100bpm) mean (SD) | 1409 (26.5) | 1103 (78) | 265 (19) | 41 (3) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 128.8 (20.9) | 128.7 (19.9) | 129.7 (25.4) | 129.7 (26.3) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 78.2 (13.0) | 78.5 (12.5) | 76.4 (15.4) | 77.0 (14.9) |
| Shortness of Breath (SOB) | ||||
| SOB < 100m | 1336 (25.5) | 1047(78.4) | 252 (18.8) | 37 (2.8) |
| SOB 100–500m | 479 (9.1) | 364(76.0) | 96 (20.0) | 19 (4.0) |
| SOB > 500m | 225 (4.3) | 203(90.2) | 15 (6.7) | 7 (3.1) |
| Co-morbidities (Cardiovascular) | ||||
| Hypertension | 2511 (47.3) | 2060 (82.0) | 398 (16.0) | 53 (2.0) |
| Diabetes | 1700 (32.0) | 1346 (79.2) | 306 (17.8) | 48 (3.0) |
| Coronary artery disease | 580 (10.9) | 446 (76.9) | 103 (17.8) | 31 (5.3) |
| Heart Failure | 290 (5.5) | 238 (82.1) | 45 (15.5) | 7 (2.4) |
| Stroke | 197 (3.7) | 159 (80.7) | 28 (14.2) | 10 (5.1) |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 159 (3.0) | 134 (84.3) | 22 (13.8) | 3 (1.9) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 106 (2.0) | 85 (80.2) | 18 (17.0) | 3 (2.8) |
| Cardiomyopathies | 60 (1.1) | 53 (88.3) | 6 (10.0) | 1 (1.7) |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 56 (1.1) | 49 (87.5) | 7 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Chagas disease | 36 (0.7) | 34 (94.4) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0) |
| Congenital heart disease | 182 (3.4) | 166 (91.2) | 9 (4.9) | 7 (3.8) |
| Valvular disease | 118 (2.2) | 94 (79.7) | 21(17.8) | 3 (2.5) |
| Co-morbidities (Non-Cardiovascular) | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 404 (7.6) | 299 (74.0) | 86 (21.3) | 19 (4.7) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 208 (3.9) | 160 (76.5) | 44 (21.1) | 5 (2.4) |
| Asthma | 219 (4.1) | 200 (91.3) | 18 (8.2) | 1 (0.5) |
| Chronic Immunosuppression | 136 (2.6) | 110 (80.9) | 25 (18.4) | 1 (0.7) |
| HIV | 71 (1.3) | 62 (87.3) | 6 (8.5) | 3 (4.2) |
| Tuberculosis | 56 (1.1) | 49 (87.5) | 7 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Cancer on chemotherapy | 114 (2.1) | 90 (78.9) | 20 (17.5) | 4 (3.6) |
| Renal replacement therapy | 62 (1.2) | 45 (72.6) | 16 (25.8) | 1 (1.6) |
| Previous organ transplant | 45 (0.8) | 38 (84.8) | 7 (15.6) | 0 (0) |
[i] Rt-PCR = Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction; SD = standard deviation; IQR = Inter quartile range; BP = blood pressure; SOB = Shortness of breath; HIC = high income countries; UMIC = upper middle-income countries; LMIC = lower middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries; HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus. Row percentage reported for all categorical variables.
Table 3
ECG, ECHO, and laboratory findings among COVID-19 patients at admission.
| OVERALL N (%) | SURVIVORS N (%) | IN-HOSPITAL DEATHS N (%) | POST DISCHARGE 30-DAY DEATHS N (%) | P-VALUE FOR DIFFERENCE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECG data (N = 3490) | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation (yes) | 131 (2.5) | 97 (2.1) | 31 (4.5) | 3 (2.5) | 0.003 |
| T-wave changes (yes) | 774 (14.6) | 593 (13.1) | 153 (22.4) | 28 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| QT/QTC duration, median (IQR) | 419.0 (331.5, 447.0) | 415.5 (259.0, 445.0) | 428.0 (360.0, 457.0) | 448.0 (413.5, 467.0) | <0.001 |
| ECHO findings (Median, IQR) (N = 259) | |||||
| Ejection fraction 1. Teicholz (EF1), | 59.1 (49.0, 64.0) | 60.0 (52.0, 64.0) | 55.0 (45.0, 64.0) | 59.0 (59.0, 60.0) | 0.23 |
| Ejection fraction 2. Visual estimations (EF2), | 55.0 (45.0, 60.0) | 55.0 (45.0, 60.0) | 51.5 (45.0, 59.0) | 50.0 (35.0, 55.0) | 0.082 |
| Right ventricular function | 0.002 | ||||
| Mildly/severely abnormal | 47 (0.9) | 28 (59.1) | 18 (38.6) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Laboratory parameters (median, IQR) (N = 4330) | |||||
| Hemoglobin, mmol/L | 7.9 (7.1, 8.8) | 8.0 (7.1, 8.8) | 7.8 (6.6, 8.7) | 7.5 (6.5, 8.4) | <0.001 |
| WBC count, ×10^9/L | 4.7 (0.0, 8.4) | 5.1 (0.0, 8.5) | 0.018 (0.009, 7.5) | 0.0184 (0.009, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| Platelets, 10^3/µL | 230.5 (168.0, 336.0) | 233.0 (170.0, 342.0) | 219.0 (157.0, 306.0) | 228.0 (154.0, 425.0) | <0.001 |
| ALT/SGPT, μmol/(s•L) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.97) | 0.58 (0.38, 0.95) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.11) | 0.63 (0.41, 1.09) | 0.003 |
| AST/SGOT, μmol/(s•L) | 0.67 (0.47, 1.05) | 0.65 (0.45, 1.00) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.37) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine-conversion, μmol/L | 87.5 (70.6, 113.2) | 85.0 (69.0, 107.0) | 99.9 (74.3, 150.3) | 104.3 (82.2, 195.4) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137.0 (134.0, 140.0) | 137.0 (134.0, 140.0) | 136.3 (133.0, 140.0) | 136.0 (133.0, 139.0) | 0.10 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.2 (3.8, 4.7) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) | 4.3 (3.8, 4.9) | 4.5 (4.1, 5.0) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 53.8 (17.4, 110.7) | 48.0 (15.7, 100.0) | 93.2 (40.2, 174.0) | 82.9 (21.5, 156.1) | <0.001 |
| ESR, mm/hr | 43.0 (25.0, 67.0) | 41.0 (24.0, 65.0) | 52.0 (34.0, 81.0) | 53.0 (40.0, 79.0) | <0.001 |
| Troponin, ng/mL | 1.0 (0.1, 9.0) | 1.0 (0.1, 9.0) | 0.1 (0.037, 11.0) | 20.0 (2.9, 32.0) | 0.007 |
| Troponin T, pg/mL | 9.0 (0.5, 24.9) | 8.0 (0.6, 20.0) | 21.0 (5.5, 64.5) | 0.123 (0.014, 16.0) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pmol/L | 7.8 (1.5, 28.1) | 6.0 (1.2, 21.4) | 16.0 (5.1, 49.4) | 19.9 (2.2, 44.1) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pmol/L | 60.1 (12.1, 254.4) | 46.7 (10.3, 224.2) | 110.7 (34.3, 415.5) | 505.5 (285.5, 1641.0) | <0.001 |
| CK-Mb, ukat/L, | 0.24 (0.017, 13.0) | 0.23 (0.017, 13.0) | 0.47 (0.034, 19.0) | 0.049 (0.017, 0.613) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.0 (3.1, 5.0) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.2) | 3.4 (2.7, 4.3) | 3.9 (2.5, 4.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.9 (6.1, 8.5) | 6.9 (6.1, 8.5) | 7.0 (6.2, 8.4) | 6.4 (5.9, 9.7) | 0.80 |
| D-dimer, mg/FEU/L | 1.0 (0.4, 4.4) | 0.9 (0.4, 3.9) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.8) | 2.5 (1.2, 26.5) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | 514.1 (225.3, 1001.9) | 476.0 (197.5, 962.0) | 687.7 (350.3, 1365.2) | 656.6 (392.0, 1068.0) | <0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 25.2 (8.7, 64.7) | 21.6 (7.0, 52.0) | 65.8 (21.9, 125.0) | 36.0 (17.6, 133.5) | <0.001 |
| Urea (BUN), mmol/L, | 8.5 (5.5, 14.6) | 7.7 (5.2, 12.9) | 13.9 (7.9, 23.8) | 17.0 (10.4, 28.2) | <0.001 |
| PT (seconds) | 13.4 (12.0, 15.9) | 13.3 (12.0, 15.6) | 13.9 (12.1, 16.7) | 13.2 (11.7, 16.7) | 0.012 |
| INR ratio | 1.1 (0.9, 1.25) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.23) | 1.1 (0.96, 1.32) | 1.1 (0.0119, 1.32) | 0.015 |
[i] IQR = interquartile range; mmol/L millimoles per liter; mg/L = milligrams per liter.