Figure 1
Diagram of including studies selection procedures.
Table 1
Characteristics of Including Studies.
| AUTHOR | COUNTRY | TYPE OF DISEASE | NO. OF PATIENT | AGE MEAN (SD) | GENDER(M/F) | INTERVENTION | NOS SCALE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | T | C | T | C | |||||
| Kallio 1979 | Finland | AMI | 183 | 187 | 54.4 | 54.1 | 151/37 | 150/37 | Health education Exercise training | 6 |
| Ornish 1990 | USA | CAD | 22 | 19 | 56.1(7.5) | 59.8(9.1) | 21/1 | 15/4 | Lifestyle modification | 8 |
| Schuler 1992 | Germany | CAD | 56 | 57 | 52.8(5.8) | 54.2(7.7) | NA | NA | Lifestyle modification Exercise training | 8 |
| Debusk 1994 | USA | AMI | 293 | 292 | 57(8) | 57(8) | 230/63 | 231/61 | Lifestyle modification Exercise training | 7 |
| Fletcher 1994 | USA | CAD | 16 | 19 | 62(8) | 63(7) | 16/0 | 19/0 | Exercise training | 6 |
| Haskwell 1994 | USA | CAD | 119 | 127 | 58.3(9.2) | 56.2(8.2) | 99/20 | 117/10 | Lifestyle modification | 7 |
| Wosornua 1996 | UK | CAD | 27 | 27 | 56.5(8.9) | 56.6(7.0) | 27/0 | 27/0 | Aerobic exercise training | 8 |
| Wosornub 1996 | UK | CAD | 27 | 27 | 59.2(6.4) | 56.6(7.0) | 27/0 | 27/0 | Strength exercise training | 8 |
| Gallacher 1997 | UK | CAD | 198 | 209 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Education (Stress management) | 8 |
| Niebauer 1997 | UK | CAD | 56 | 57 | NA | NA | 56/0 | 57/0 | Lifestyle modification Exercise training | 9 |
| Ornish 1998 | USA | ACS | 20 | 15 | 57.4(6.4) | 61.8(7.5) | 20/0 | 12/3 | Lifestyle modification | 9 |
| Carlssona 1998 | Sweden | CAD | 75 | 67 | 62.2(5.8) | 61.7(6.0) | 58/17 | 51/16 | Lifestyle modification Exercise training | 8 |
| Carlssonb 1998 | Sweden | CAD | 31 | 32 | 62.7(4.8) | 59.8(4.8) | 26/5 | 27/5 | Lifestyle modification Exercise training | 8 |
| Bang 1999 | Sweden | CAD | 46 | 41 | 53(7) | 53(7) | 37/9 | 36/5 | Lifestyle modification | 8 |
| Toobert 2000 | USA | CHD | 14 | 10 | 64(10) | 63(11) | NA | NA | Lifestyle modification | 8 |
| Belardinelli 2001 | Italy and USA | CAD | 59 | 59 | 53(11) | 59(10) | 49/10 | 50/9 | Exercise training | 8 |
| Gordon a 2002 | USA | CAD | 45 | 52 | 60(9) | 61(10) | 34/11 | 38/14 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Gordon b 2002 | USA | CAD | 45 | 45 | 60(9) | 60(9) | 34/11 | 35/10 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Vale 2002 | Australia | CAD | 107 | 112 | 61.5(10.3) | 60.6(9.5) | 80/27 | 84/28 | Education Exercise training | 7 |
| Yu 2003 | HK | CHD | 72 | 40 | 62.3(11.2) | 61.2(10.2) | 59/13 | 30/10 | Exercise training | 6 |
| The Vestfold Heartcare Study Group 2003 | Norway | CHD | 98 | 99 | 54(8) | 55(8) | 79/19 | 83/16 | Lifestyle modification | 8 |
| Lear 2003 | Canada | CAD | 151 | 151 | 64.8(8.8) | 63.4(10.2) | 125/26 | 124/27 | Lifestyle modification | 8 |
| Vale 2003 | Australia | CHD | 398 | 394 | 58.6(10.6) | 58.3(10.3) | 313/85 | 297/97 | Education Exercise training | 7 |
| Vona 2004 | Italy | AMI | 28 | 24 | 56(6) | 57(8) | 21/7 | 19/5 | Exercise training | 7 |
| Volaklisa 2007 | Greece | CAD; MI | 12 | 10 | 53(4) | 51(3) | NA | NA | Exercise training | 7 |
| Volaklisb 2007 | Greece | CAD; MI | 12 | 10 | 58 (3) | 51(3) | NA | NA | Exercise training | 7 |
| Zutz 2007 | Canada | CAD | 8 | 7 | 58(4) | 59(12) | 7/1 | 5/2 | Lifestyle modification | 7 |
| Naser 2008 | Iran | CHD | 50 | 50 | 54.8 | 53.2 | 45/5 | 39/11 | Lifestyle modification | 7 |
| Seki 2008 | Japan | CHD; ACS; MI | 14 | 10 | 64(10) | 63(11) | NA | NA | Exercise training | 7 |
| Balen 2008 | Croatia | AMI | 30 | 30 | 59 (9) | 61 (10) | 21/9 | 23/7 | Exercise training | 7 |
| Murphy 2009 | Ireland | MI | 444 | 459 | 68.5(9.3) | 66.5(9.9) | 311/133 | 320/139 | Lifestyle modification Education | 7 |
| Zetta 2011 | UK | CAD | 109 | 109 | 65.9(10.0) | 64.8(10) | 71/38 | 78/31 | Lifestyle modification Education | 7 |
| Munk 2011 | Norway | CAD | 18 | 18 | 59.5(10) | 60.7(9) | 16/2 | 14/4 | Exercise training | 7 |
| Moholdt 2012 | Norway | MI | 59 | 30 | 57.5(9.3) | 56.7(10.4) | 49/10 | 25/5 | Exercise training | 7 |
| Oerkild 2012 | Denmark | MI | 19 | 21 | 77.3(6.0) | 76.5(7.7) | 12/7 | 11/10 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Vernooij 2012 | Netherland | CAD | 164 | 166 | 60.7(7.8) | 59.2(8.9) | 128/36 | 118/48 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Luk 2012 | HK | CAD | 32 | 32 | 67.7(9.0) | 66.6(7.9) | 24/8 | 24/8 | Exercise training | 7 |
| Lear 2014 | Canada | CVD | 38 | 40 | 59.2(10.7) | 58.6(9) | 34/4 | 32/8 | Lifestyle modification Exercise training Education by internet | 8 |
| Raghuram 2014 | India | CAD | 129 | 121 | 53.3(6.4) | 52.6(6.9) | NA | NA | Yoga training | 8 |
| Chow 2015 | Australia | CHD | 352 | 358 | 57.9(9.1) | 57.3(9.3) | 287/65 | 295/63 | Lifestyle modification | 7 |
| Hassan 2016 | Egypt | CAD | 30 | 30 | NA | NA | 21/9 | 20/10 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Johnston 2016 | Sweden | MI | 86 | 80 | 56.8(8.0) | 58.4(8.6) | 71/15 | 63/17 | Lifestyle modification Education | 7 |
| Tamburús 2016 | Brazil | CAD | 15 | 17 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Exercise training | 8 |
| Lin 2017 | HK | CAD | 144 | 144 | 75.3(7.5) | 74.3(7.5) | 94/50 | 97/47 | Education | 7 |
| Park 2017 | South Korea | AMI | 32 | 32 | 57(12) | 55(10) | 29/3 | 27/5 | Education | 7 |
| Dorje 2019 | Australia | MI; unstable or stable angina | 156 | 156 | 59.1(9.4) | 61.9(8.7) | 128/28 | 126/30 | Lifestyle modification Education by Wechat | 8 |
| Maddison 2019 | Australia; New Zealand | CHD | 82 | 80 | 61(13.2) | 61.5(12.2) | 69/13 | 70/10 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Santo 2019 | Australia | CHD | 107 | 56 | 58.4(9.0) | 56.8 (8.6) | 93/14 | 50/6 | Education | 7 |
| Wienbergen 2019 | Germany | MI | 143 | 138 | 56.5(9.1) | 56.4 (10.3) | 117/36 | 112/26 | Education telephone visits and telemetric risk factor control | 8 |
| Chaves 2019 | Canada | MI | 12 | 11 | 60.7(13.3) | 60.6 (8.4) | 12/0 | 4/7 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Zheng 2019 | China | AMI | 411 | 411 | 56.2(9.3) | 56.6 (9.7) | 353/58 | 353/58 | Lifestyle modification Education by text messages | 8 |
| Campo 2020 | Italy | ACS | 118 | 117 | 76(6) | 76.6 (5.2) | 92/26 | 89/28 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Uddin 2020 | USA | CHD | 71 | 71 | 54(6) | 55(6) | 66/5 | 63/8 | Lifestyle modification Education | 8 |
| Yudi 2021 | Australia | ACS | 83 | 85 | 56.8(9.9) | 56.2 (10.2) | 71/12 | 69/16 | Lifestyle modification Education by smartphone | 7 |
| Dalli Peydro 2022 | Spain | ACS | 31 | 28 | 57.5(9.0) | 54.7(9.9) | 27/4 | 27/1 | Lifestyle modification Education by smartphone | 7 |
[i] ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary atherosclerotic heart disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: coronary vascular disease; MI: myocardial infarction; NA: not available; NOS: Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.
Figure 2
Forrest plot of TC levels after CR treatment. TC: total cholesterol; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; SMD: standardized mean difference.
Figure 3
Forrest plot of HDL-C levels after CR treatment. HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SMD: standardized mean difference.
Figure 4
Forrest plot of LDL-C levels after CR treatment. LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SMD: standardized mean difference.
Figure 5
Forrest plot of TG levels after CR treatment. TG: triglyceride; SMD: standardized mean difference.